Heat & Thermodynamics
Every heat & thermodynamics calculator on CalcEngines — each with its formula, a worked example, the standard it follows and the assumptions it makes.
8 calculators in this section
- Calorimetry Calculator: Final Temperature When Two Bodies MixGive it two masses, two specific heats, two starting temperatures and the calorimeter's own thermal capacity, and it returns the one temperature both bodies end at — with the heat each gave up or took in, the check that the three sums cancel, and what ignoring the vessel would have cost you.
- Combined Gas Law Calculator (P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂)One relation contains Boyle, Charles and Gay-Lussac: P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂. The two ways it fails are a temperature left in Celsius and a pressure left as gauge, so this page converts both, shows the wrong Celsius ratio beside the right kelvin one, and gives the amount of gas in moles from PV = nRT.
- Heat Engine Efficiency and the Carnot Limit CalculatorAn efficiency on its own says nothing: 30 per cent is excellent between 100 °C and 20 °C and dreadful between 1500 and 20. This page gives the actual efficiency, the Carnot ceiling for your two temperatures, the fraction of that ceiling you reached, and the entropy generated per cycle — which goes negative if your engine is impossible.
- Latent Heat Calculator: Ice and Water Mixed, Including Partial MeltingDrop ice into water and the answer is usually not a temperature at all: the mixture stops dead at 0 °C part-way through melting. This page works out how much ice melts, how much survives, whether the water freezes instead, and only then what temperature everything ends at.
- Specific Heat Capacity and Heat Capacity CalculatorQ = mcΔT, with the three quantities students mix up kept apart: specific heat capacity per kilogram, heat capacity for the whole object, molar heat capacity per mole, and the water equivalent in grams — plus how long a heater of a given power will take.
- Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero: What a Temperature MeansNot a converter. Give it a temperature on any of the four scales and it says what that number means physically — whether it is a temperature at all, which fixed point it sits near, and whether a ratio taken in your scale would mean anything. With the kelvin's current definition, which is not the one in most textbooks.
- Thermal Conduction Calculator: Rate of Heat Flow Through a SlabQ/t = kAΔT/d is one line. The useful form is the thermal resistance d/kA, because resistances add: this page takes two layers, gives the rate of flow, the U-value, and the temperature drop across each layer — which is where the surprise usually is.
- Thermal Expansion Calculator: Linear, Area and Volumeα for length, 2α for area, 3α for volume — from a single measured coefficient. This page gives all three, the exact cube beside the 3αΔT approximation so you can see when the approximation stops being safe, and why a hole in a plate gets bigger.