Acid-Base & Blood Gas 22
- A-a Gradient CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient to distinguish hypoxaemia from V/Q mismatch or shunt from hypoxaemia caused…
- Albumin-Corrected Anion Gap CalculatorCalculatorCorrect the anion gap for hypoalbuminaemia, which lowers the measured gap and can hide a clinically…
- Alveolar Gas Equation Calculator (PAO₂)CalculatorCalculate alveolar pO₂ from FiO₂, PaCO₂, atmospheric pressure and respiratory quotient — the reference value the…
- Anion Gap CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the serum anion gap from sodium, chloride and bicarbonate — with the interval that belongs…
- Arterial Blood Gas InterpreterInterpreterRead a whole arterial blood gas rather than one number from it: pH, pCO₂ and bicarbonate…
- Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO₂) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate CaO₂ from haemoglobin, saturation and pO₂ — and see why anaemia costs far more oxygen…
- Base Excess Calculator (Standard Base Excess)CalculatorStandard base excess from pH and bicarbonate by the Siggaard-Andersen form of the Van Slyke equation…
- Bicarbonate Deficit CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the bicarbonate needed to reach a target level, and see why bicarbonate replacement remains a…
- Delta Ratio Calculator (Delta Gap)CalculatorClassify a high-anion-gap acidosis as pure or mixed by comparing the rise in the anion gap…
- Expected pCO₂ in Metabolic Alkalosis CalculatorCalculatorCheck whether the measured pCO₂ shows appropriate respiratory compensation for a metabolic alkalosis — the mirror…
- Henderson-Hasselbalch CalculatorCalculatorCalculate pH from bicarbonate and pCO₂ using the equation blood gas analysers themselves rely on.
- Lactate Unit ConverterConverterConvert blood lactate between mg/dL, mmol/L, µmol/L and mg/L, with the 2 and 4 mmol/L thresholds,…
- Oxygen Delivery (DO₂) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate DO₂ from oxygen content and cardiac output, and see why chasing a supranormal target does…
- Oxygen Extraction Ratio CalculatorCalculatorThe fraction of delivered oxygen the tissues take up, from arterial and venous oxygen content. A…
- PaO₂/FiO₂ (P/F) Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the P/F ratio, the oxygenation criterion in the Berlin definition of ARDS severity.
- pCO₂ Unit Converter (mmHg to kPa)ConverterConvert arterial pCO₂ from mmHg to kPa, using the same factor as pO₂, with the type…
- pO₂ Unit Converter (mmHg to kPa)ConverterConvert arterial pO₂ from mmHg to kPa — the commonest source of confusion when reading a…
- Raised Lactate Interpreter: Type A, Type B or D-LactateInterpreterWork out why a lactate is raised. Enter the lactate and the context — hypotension or…
- Strong Ion Difference CalculatorCalculatorApparent strong ion difference by the Stewart physicochemical approach — the account of acid-base balance that…
- VBG vs ABG InterpreterInterpreterYou have a venous gas. Can you act on it, or do you need an arterial…
- Venous to Arterial Blood Gas ConverterConverterA peripheral venous gas is a good screen for pH and bicarbonate and a poor substitute…
- Winter’s Formula CalculatorCalculatorCheck whether the measured pCO₂ shows appropriate respiratory compensation for a metabolic acidosis, or a second…
Adrenal & Steroid Hormones 24
- 11-Deoxycortisol Unit ConverterConverterConvert 11-deoxycortisol between ng/dL, nmol/L, ng/mL and µg/L — the steroid one enzyme short of cortisol,…
- 17-Hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) Unit ConverterConverterConvert 17-OHP between ng/mL, ng/dL, µg/L and nmol/L — and read the result the way the…
- ACTH-Dependent vs Independent InterpreterInterpreterCushing's syndrome has been confirmed; the question now is what is causing it, and plasma ACTH…
- Adrenal Crisis and Stress Dose InterpreterInterpreterIf you take a steroid to replace the hormone your adrenal glands cannot make, being ill…
- Adrenal Incidentaloma InterpreterInterpreterAn adrenal mass turned up on a scan done for something else. Three questions decide everything…
- Adrenal Vein Sampling InterpreterInterpreterAdrenal vein sampling decides whether someone with primary aldosteronism gets an adrenalectomy or lifelong medical therapy,…
- Aldosterone Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma aldosterone between ng/dL, pg/mL and pmol/L, with the posture, sodium intake and drug-preparation rules…
- Aldosterone-Renin Ratio (ARR) CalculatorCalculatorScreen for primary aldosteronism from plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity, and see why the ratio…
- Androstenedione Unit ConverterConverterConvert androstenedione between ng/dL, ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L — and read it knowing that it is…
- CAH 17-OHP InterpreterInterpreter17-hydroxyprogesterone interpretation for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in the order that actually decides the answer: which unit, was…
- Corticosteroid Equivalent Dose CalculatorCalculatorConvert a corticosteroid dose to another agent's equivalent using relative glucocorticoid potency — and see why…
- Cortisol Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum cortisol between µg/dL, nmol/L and ng/mL, and see why the sampling time and the…
- Dexamethasone Suppression Test InterpreterInterpreterInterpret the 08:00 cortisol after a 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test, using both the traditional…
- DHEA-Sulfate Unit ConverterConverterConvert DHEA-sulfate between µg/dL, µg/mL and µmol/L, and see why it separates an adrenal from an…
- Glucocorticoid Withdrawal InterpreterInterpreterWho can stop a steroid outright, who needs a taper, and who needs their adrenal axis…
- Late-Night Salivary Cortisol InterpreterInterpreterOne of the four first-line tests for Cushing's syndrome, and the one whose result is most…
- Plasma Metanephrine Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma free metanephrine between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, and see why the sample must be…
- Plasma Metanephrines InterpreterInterpreterPlasma free metanephrines are close to 99% sensitive for phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma, and that sensitivity is…
- Plasma Normetanephrine Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma free normetanephrine between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, and see why it is more posture-sensitive…
- Pregnenolone Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum pregnenolone between ng/dL, nmol/L, ng/mL and µg/L. This is the first steroid made from…
- Renin (Direct) Unit ConverterConverterng/L, pg/mL, ng/dL and ng/100 mL are four labels for two numbers, and converting between them…
- Saline Suppression Test InterpreterInterpreterTwo litres of saline over four hours should switch aldosterone off. Whether it did depends on…
- Short Synacthen Test InterpreterInterpreterThe 500 nmol/L cut-off everybody quotes was set against a polyclonal immunoassay that read high because…
- Urinary Free Cortisol Unit ConverterConverterThis is an amount excreted over 24 hours, not a concentration — so a bottle that…
Amino Acids, Metabolic & Newborn Screening 33
- Alanine Unit ConverterConverterConvert alanine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and the pairing…
- Ammonia Interpretation CalculatorInterpreterGrade plasma ammonia by age group and severity, and see why sampling technique matters as much…
- Anion Gap Acidosis Cause IdentifierInterpreterScreen a raised anion gap against lactate, ketones and the osmolal gap to narrow the cause…
- Arginine Unit ConverterConverterConvert arginine between mg/dL and µmol/L — and read the direction, because arginine is low in…
- Asparagine Unit ConverterConverterConvert asparagine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — the amide partner…
- Aspartic Acid Unit ConverterConverterConvert aspartic acid — aspartate — between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age,…
- Cysteine Unit ConverterConverterConvert cysteine between mg/dL and µmol/L — and check first which cysteine you have, because a…
- Cystine Unit ConverterConverterConvert cystine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and note that…
- Fischer Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the Fischer ratio of branched-chain to aromatic amino acids, used to assess hepatic encephalopathy risk…
- Galactose Unit ConverterConverterConvert galactose between mg/dL and mmol/L — the same factor as glucose, because the two share…
- Glutamic Acid Unit ConverterConverterConvert glutamic acid — glutamate — between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age,…
- Glutamine Unit ConverterConverterConvert glutamine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with the 1,000 µmol/L ceiling from the urea cycle guidelines…
- Glycine Unit ConverterConverterConvert glycine between mg/dL and µmol/L — and see why the plasma level is not the…
- Homocysteine Unit ConverterConverterConvert homocysteine between mg/L, µg/mL and µmol/L, and see why a raised result points more often…
- Isoleucine Unit ConverterConverterConvert isoleucine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and note that…
- Ketone Body Ratio CalculatorCalculatorβ-hydroxybutyrate divided by acetoacetate — about 1:1 in health and up to 10:1 in ketoacidosis. The…
- Lactate to Pyruvate Ratio CalculatorCalculatorLactate in mmol/L, pyruvate in µmol/L, handled explicitly. A raised lactate with a raised ratio points…
- Leucine Unit ConverterConverterConvert leucine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with the maple syrup urine disease treatment target — and…
- Lysine Unit ConverterConverterConvert lysine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and why a…
- Methionine Unit ConverterConverterConvert methionine between mg/dL and µmol/L — and see why the direction matters more than the…
- Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) Unit ConverterConverterConvert methylmalonic acid between µmol/L and nmol/L — the single most useful confirmatory test for functional…
- N1-Methylnicotinamide Unit ConverterConverterConvert N1-methylnicotinamide between mg/L, µg/L and µmol/L. This page converts at the mass of the CATION,…
- Ornithine Unit ConverterConverterConvert ornithine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — a urea cycle…
- Phenylalanine to Tyrosine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio used to confirm phenylketonuria on newborn screening, and see when…
- Phenylalanine Unit ConverterConverterConvert phenylalanine between mg/dL and µmol/L, and read the answer against the right figure — because…
- Proline Unit ConverterConverterConvert proline between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — plus hyperprolinaemia types…
- Pyrrolysine Unit ConverterConverterConvert pyrrolysine between mg/dL and µmol/L at 255.318 Da. Read the next sentence before you use…
- Selenocysteine Unit ConverterConverterConvert selenocysteine between mg/dL and µmol/L at 168.065 Da. The point of the page: free selenocysteine…
- Serine Unit ConverterConverterConvert serine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and why the…
- Threonine Unit ConverterConverterConvert threonine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and see why…
- Tryptophan Unit ConverterConverterConvert tryptophan between mg/dL and µmol/L, with fasting reference intervals by age — and the two…
- Tyrosine Unit ConverterConverterConvert tyrosine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with the age-dependent reference intervals — and why tyrosine is…
- Valine Unit ConverterConverterConvert valine between mg/dL and µmol/L — with its own factor, not leucine's — and see…
Blood Bank & Transfusion Medicine 20
- ABC Score for Massive Transfusion CalculatorScoreFour bedside items, available within minutes of arrival and needing no laboratory result, that predict whether…
- ABO and RhD Compatibility CheckerInterpreterCheck a donor unit against a recipient for ABO and RhD with the component type as…
- Anti-D Immunoglobulin Dose CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the anti-D dose for a measured fetomaternal haemorrhage under either convention. The UK figure is…
- Corrected Count Increment (CCI) CalculatorCalculatorWork out whether a platelet transfusion actually worked. Enter counts in the unit your laboratory reports…
- Crossmatch to Transfusion Ratio CalculatorCalculatorThe oldest measure of blood ordering efficiency, with the transfusion probability alongside it. A ratio above…
- Cryoprecipitate Dose for Fibrinogen CalculatorCalculatorWork out how many packs are needed to reach a target fibrinogen — for a single…
- Estimated Blood Volume Calculator (Nadler)CalculatorEstimate total blood volume from height, weight and sex using Nadler's equations — the standard for…
- Factor IX Dose CalculatorCalculatorDose factor IX replacement in haemophilia B. The coefficient is not the one used for factor…
- Factor VIII Dose CalculatorCalculatorDose factor VIII replacement in haemophilia A from weight and the rise you need, with the…
- Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Dose CalculatorCalculatorSize an FFP dose from weight at 10, 15 or 20 mL/kg — and check the…
- Irradiated Blood Component Indication InterpreterInterpreterWork out whether this patient needs irradiated cellular components, using the indication list from the 2020…
- Kleihauer–Betke Fetal Bleed CalculatorCalculatorConvert a Kleihauer acid-elution percentage into the volume of a fetomaternal haemorrhage — reported as fetal…
- Massive Haemorrhage Product Ratio CalculatorCalculatorHow many units of plasma and of platelets accompany a given number of red cell units…
- Maximum Allowable Blood Loss CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the volume of blood that can be lost before a chosen haemoglobin floor is reached,…
- Neonatal Exchange Transfusion Volume CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the volume for a double-volume exchange transfusion in a term or preterm baby, and see…
- Platelet Refractoriness InterpreterInterpreterA poor platelet increment is usually consumption, not antibody. Enter the corrected count increment at one…
- Prothrombin Complex Concentrate (PCC) Dose CalculatorCalculatorDose a four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for warfarin reversal from weight and the presenting INR —…
- Red Cell Transfusion Volume CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the packed red cell volume needed to raise haemoglobin to a target, and the rate…
- TACO vs TRALI InterpreterInterpreterBoth present as hypoxia during or after a transfusion, and telling them apart changes the treatment…
- Transfusion Reaction InterpreterInterpreterStop the transfusion and check the identity of the unit against the patient first — that…
Bone & Mineral Metabolism 21
- Beta-CrossLaps (CTX) Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum beta-CrossLaps between ng/L, pg/mL, µg/L and ng/mL — and read the result knowing that…
- BMD T-Score and Z-Score CalculatorScoreCompute a T-score or a Z-score from a measured bone mineral density and its reference values…
- Bone Turnover Marker InterpreterInterpreterRead P1NP and CTX as a change from baseline on osteoporosis treatment — with the least…
- Calcitriol (1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D) ConverterConverterConvert 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L — and read the result knowing that calcitriol…
- Calcium Unit ConverterConverterConvert total calcium between mg/dL, mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/L — and get the divalent step right,…
- Calcium-Creatinine Clearance Ratio CalculatorCalculatorSeparate familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia from primary hyperparathyroidism using the 24-hour calcium-creatinine clearance ratio.
- Corrected Calcium CalculatorCalculatorAdjust total serum calcium for a low albumin using the traditional correction formula, and see why…
- Elemental Calcium Content ConverterConverterConvert a calcium salt dose to its elemental calcium content — the figure that dosing guidelines…
- Hypercalcaemia Cause Interpreter: PTH, FHH, PTHrP & Vitamin DInterpreterFind the cause of a high calcium. Read the PTH taken with it against your own…
- Hypercalcaemia Severity ClassifierInterpreterGrade a hypercalcaemia on albumin-corrected calcium in mmol/L and mg/dL, with both published band sets attributed…
- Hypocalcaemia Severity InterpreterInterpreterGrade a hypocalcaemia on albumin-corrected calcium in mmol/L and mg/dL, with both published severity sets attributed,…
- Osteocalcin Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum osteocalcin between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L — with the caution that osteocalcin assays measure…
- P1NP Unit ConverterConverterConvert procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide between µg/L, ng/mL and ng/L — the reference marker of…
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert intact PTH between pg/mL, pmol/L and ng/L, and see why a PTH from one laboratory…
- Phosphate Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum phosphate between mg/dL, mmol/L and mg/L — and see why the factor uses the…
- Potassium Salt (mEq, mmol, mg) ConverterConverterConvert a potassium salt dose in milligrams to mmol (equal to mEq for this monovalent ion),…
- Primary Hyperparathyroidism Surgery Criteria (2022 Workshop)InterpreterCheck whether asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism meets the criteria for parathyroidectomy from the Fifth International Workshop (2022):…
- TmP/GFR Calculator (Renal Phosphate Threshold)CalculatorCalculate the renal tubular maximum phosphate reabsorption threshold (TmP/GFR) using the Walton-Bijvoet formula, the most sensitive…
- Vitamin D IU to mcg ConverterConverterConvert vitamin D doses between international units and micrograms, and see how dosing relates to the…
- Vitamin D Loading Dose CalculatorCalculatorWork out a vitamin D loading schedule from a published regimen — the UK's 300,000 IU…
- Vitamin D Status InterpreterInterpreterPlace a 25-hydroxyvitamin D against every framework still in circulation — Endocrine Society 2011, withdrawn by…
CSF & Body Fluid Analysis 23
- Ascitic Fluid Neutrophil Count CalculatorCalculatorAbsolute polymorphonuclear count from the total white cell count and differential, with the correction for a…
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Differential InterpreterInterpreterA healthy non-smoker's lavage is more than 85% macrophages. Lymphocytosis, neutrophilia and eosinophilia each open a…
- Chylous Effusion InterpreterInterpreterA milky effusion is either chyle from a disrupted lymphatic or a long-standing effusion that has…
- CSF Albumin Quotient (Q-Albumin) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate Q-albumin, the single best measure of blood-CSF barrier integrity, from CSF and serum albumin.
- CSF Cell Count InterpreterInterpreterRead a CSF white cell count, differential, glucose ratio and protein together rather than one line…
- CSF IgG Index CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the CSF IgG index to detect intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, correcting for blood-brain barrier permeability.
- CSF IgG Synthesis Rate Calculator (Tourtellotte)CalculatorThe Tourtellotte formula for daily intrathecal IgG production, in mg per 24 hours. All four inputs…
- CSF Lactate InterpreterInterpreterInterpret a CSF lactate against the 3.5 mmol/L (31.5 mg/dL) threshold for bacterial meningitis, in either…
- CSF Oligoclonal Band InterpreterInterpreterIsoelectric focusing of paired cerebrospinal fluid and serum gives five patterns, and only two of them…
- CSF Protein Unit ConverterConverterConvert CSF total protein between mg/dL and mg/L, with reference ranges by site and age and…
- CSF to Serum Glucose Ratio InterpreterInterpreterA CSF glucose of 3.0 mmol/L is normal against a serum of 5 and markedly low…
- CSF Xanthochromia Net Bilirubin CalculatorCalculatorNet bilirubin absorbance from a CSF spectrophotometric scan, against the UK national threshold of 0.007 AU.…
- Light’s Criteria Calculator (Pleural Effusion)InterpreterClassify a pleural effusion as exudate or transudate from paired pleural and serum protein and LDH…
- Parapneumonic Effusion Drainage Interpreter (Pleural Fluid pH)InterpreterRead a pleural fluid pH against the BTS drainage thresholds, with glucose and LDH for the…
- PD Peritonitis Effluent Cell Count InterpreterInterpreterThe ISPD threshold is an effluent white cell count above 100/µL after a dwell of at…
- Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase InterpreterInterpreterPleural adenosine deaminase is a good test for excluding tuberculous pleural effusion and a much weaker…
- Reiber CSF Immunoglobulin Quotient CalculatorCalculatorReiber's hyperbolic discrimination line for IgG, IgA and IgM, with the absolute and relative intrathecal synthesis…
- Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient (SAAG) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the serum-ascites albumin gradient, the test that has replaced the transudate/exudate split for classifying ascites.
- Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis InterpreterInterpreterAn ascitic neutrophil count of 250 or more is spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and is treated on…
- Synovial Fluid Crystal InterpreterInterpreterNeedle-shaped and negatively birefringent is urate; rhomboid and positively birefringent is calcium pyrophosphate. That part is…
- Synovial Fluid White Cell Count InterpreterInterpreterClassify a joint aspirate as normal, non-inflammatory, inflammatory or septic — and apply the far lower…
- Traumatic Tap CSF Protein Correction CalculatorCalculatorBlood in the sample raises the CSF protein, and the usual correction is about 1 mg/dL…
- Traumatic Tap WBC Correction CalculatorCalculatorCorrect a CSF white cell count for blood contamination from a traumatic tap, using the patient's…
Cardiac Markers 19
- BNP Unit ConverterConverterConvert BNP between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, and see why BNP and NT-proBNP are different molecules…
- CK-MB Activity Unit ConverterConverterConvert CK-MB catalytic activity between U/L and µkat/L. First, the thing that goes wrong most often:…
- CK-MB Index CalculatorCalculatorThe CK-MB relative index — CK-MB mass divided by total CK. Read it knowing that CK-MB…
- CK-MB Mass Unit ConverterConverterConvert CK-MB mass between ng/mL, µg/L and mg/L — the first two are the same number.…
- GDF-15 Unit ConverterConverterConvert growth differentiation factor 15 between pg/mL, ng/L and ng/mL — the first two are the…
- GRACE ACS Risk Score CalculatorScoreScore all eight GRACE variables from the admission observations and see the registry's own in-hospital risk…
- HEART Score CalculatorScoreRisk-stratify chest pain in the emergency department from history, ECG, age, risk factors and troponin.
- High-Sensitivity Troponin Delta CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the percentage change between two hs-troponin results, and see why guidelines define a significant delta…
- hs-CRP Cardiovascular Risk CalculatorInterpreterClassify cardiovascular risk from high-sensitivity CRP using the AHA/CDC categories, and see when the result is…
- hs-Troponin 0/1-Hour Algorithm InterpreterInterpreterApply the ESC 0 h/1 h algorithm to a baseline and one-hour high-sensitivity troponin, using the…
- Modified Sgarbossa Criteria CalculatorInterpreterScore an ECG with left bundle branch block or a ventricular paced rhythm on both rules…
- Myocardial Injury vs Infarction InterpreterInterpreterA raised troponin is myocardial injury. Infarction needs acute injury plus evidence of ischaemia — and…
- Myoglobin Unit ConverterConverterConvert myoglobin between µg/L, ng/mL, mg/L and nmol/L. Myoglobin is the first marker to rise after…
- NT-proBNP Heart Failure InterpreterInterpreterRead an NT-proBNP against the right threshold for the setting and the patient's age: 300 pg/mL…
- NT-proBNP Unit ConverterConverterConvert NT-proBNP between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, with age-stratified thresholds and why it is the marker…
- TIMI Risk Score Calculator (NSTEMI/UA)ScoreRisk-stratify unstable angina and NSTEMI from seven bedside items, and see why GRACE has largely superseded…
- Troponin I Unit ConverterConverter0.04 ng/mL and 40 ng/L are the same result. Convert cardiac troponin I between ng/L, pg/mL,…
- Troponin in Renal Impairment InterpreterInterpreterA chronically raised troponin in chronic kidney disease is real myocardial injury, not assay interference, and…
- Troponin T Unit ConverterConverter0.014 ng/mL and 14 ng/L are the same number. Convert cardiac troponin T between ng/L, pg/mL,…
Chemistry & Electrolytes 29
- Adrogué-Madias Formula CalculatorCalculatorPredict the change in serum sodium from one litre of a chosen infusate, using the Adrogué-Madias…
- Albumin Unit ConverterConverterConvert albumin between g/dL, g/L and µmol/L, and see why a low albumin marks the severity…
- Aldolase Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum aldolase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L. Aldolase is a muscle enzyme read alongside…
- Amylase Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum amylase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, and see why a normal amylase does…
- Bicarbonate Unit ConverterConverterConvert bicarbonate between mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/dL. Bicarbonate is monovalent, so mmol/L and mEq/L are the…
- Calcium-Phosphate Product CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the calcium-phosphate product, a legacy marker of vascular calcification risk in chronic kidney disease.
- Calculated Serum Osmolality CalculatorCalculatorCalculate serum osmolality from sodium, glucose, BUN and ethanol to compare against the measured value and…
- Ceruloplasmin Unit ConverterConverterConvert ceruloplasmin between mg/dL, g/L, mg/L and µmol/L, and see why a normal level does not…
- Chloride Unit ConverterConverterConvert chloride between mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/dL. Chloride is monovalent, so mmol/L and mEq/L are the…
- Cholinesterase Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma (pseudo)cholinesterase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, and keep it separate from the red-cell…
- Creatine Kinase (CK) Unit ConverterConverterConvert creatine kinase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with the statin and rhabdomyolysis thresholds and…
- Free Water Deficit CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the free water deficit in hypernatraemia from body weight, measured sodium and total body water…
- Globulin and A:G Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate globulin as total protein minus albumin, with the A:G ratio and what a reversed ratio…
- Hyperkalaemia (High Potassium) Interpreter: Real or Spurious?InterpreterDecide whether a high potassium is real before deciding how urgent it is. The page checks…
- Hypernatraemia (High Sodium) Cause InterpreterInterpreterFind the cause of a high sodium from the urine. Enter the urine osmolality and the…
- Hypomagnesaemia (Low Magnesium) InterpreterInterpreterGrade a low magnesium, then use the fractional excretion of magnesium (FEMg) to decide whether it…
- Hyponatraemia (Low Sodium) Diagnostic InterpreterInterpreterWork out why a sodium is low. Follow the 2014 European hyponatraemia guideline step by step:…
- Hypophosphataemia & Refeeding Syndrome Risk InterpreterInterpreterGrade a low phosphate, then apply the NICE CG32 refeeding-risk criteria exactly as published — one…
- Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert LDH between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L — and start with the fact that haemolysing…
- Lipase Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum lipase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with the three-times-upper-limit diagnostic threshold and why…
- Magnesium Unit ConverterConverterMagnesium is divalent: mEq/L is exactly twice mmol/L, and mg/dL is a different scale again. Convert…
- Potassium Unit ConverterConverterConvert potassium between mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/dL. Potassium is monovalent, so mmol/L and mEq/L are the…
- Rhabdomyolysis CK Interpreter: How High Is Too High?InterpreterInterpret a raised creatine kinase (CK) when rhabdomyolysis is the question. Enter the CK and your…
- Serum Urate Target in Gout: Below 6 or 5 mg/dL? InterpreterInterpreterCheck a serum urate (uric acid) against the treat-to-target goals for gout: below 6 mg/dL (360…
- Sodium Correction for HyperglycaemiaCalculatorCorrect measured sodium for the diluting effect of hyperglycaemia, using either the Katz or Hillier factor.
- Sodium Deficit CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the sodium deficit in hyponatraemia between a measured and target sodium, with correction rate limits.
- Sodium Unit ConverterConverterConvert sodium between mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/dL. Sodium is monovalent, so mmol/L and mEq/L are the…
- Total Protein Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum total protein between g/dL, g/L and mg/dL — and use it the way it…
- Uric Acid (Urate) Unit ConverterConverterConvert urate between mg/dL, µmol/L and mmol/L — and keep two different numbers apart: the sex-specific…
Coagulation & Thrombosis 23
- 4Ts Score for HIT CalculatorScoreScore the four Ts for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A low score carries a negative predictive value of…
- Age-Adjusted D-Dimer CalculatorCalculatorApply the age-adjusted D-dimer cut-off — age × 10 µg/L FEU above age 50 — to…
- Antithrombin Activity Unit ConverterConverterConvert antithrombin activity between %, IU/mL and proportion — 1.00 IU/mL is by definition 100% of…
- aPTT Ratio CalculatorCalculatorExpress a patient aPTT against your laboratory's mean normal as a ratio — the only form…
- CHA₂DS₂-VASc and CHA₂DS₂-VA Score CalculatorScoreStroke risk in atrial fibrillation on either convention. The 2024 ESC guideline dropped the sex category…
- Coagulation Mixing Study InterpreterInterpreterMix patient plasma 1:1 with normal plasma and repeat the aPTT. Correction means a factor is…
- D-Dimer FEU to DDU ConverterConverterConvert D-dimer between fibrinogen equivalent units and D-dimer units — two incompatible reporting systems that, confused,…
- Fibrinogen Unit ConverterConverterConvert fibrinogen between g/L, mg/dL and µmol/L, with the replacement thresholds and the reason a Clauss…
- HAS-BLED Score CalculatorScoreBleeding risk on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, with the two doubled letters scored properly. A high…
- Heparin Anti-Xa Unit ConverterConverterConvert heparin anti-Xa activity between IU/mL and IU/L, with the target ranges separated by drug and…
- INR Calculator (from PT and ISI)CalculatorConvert a patient's prothrombin time into an INR using the laboratory's mean normal PT and the…
- ISTH DIC Score CalculatorScoreThe 2025 ISTH overt DIC score, with the explicit 3× and 7× upper-limit multiples that replaced…
- Padua Prediction Score CalculatorScoreVenous thromboembolism risk in hospitalised medical patients. Four items score 3 points each, so the threshold…
- PERC Rule CalculatorScoreApply the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria to avoid any further testing — not even a D-dimer…
- Prolonged PT or APTT Interpreter — Which Factor, Which Next TestInterpreterEnter whether the PT and the APTT are prolonged against your laboratory's intervals, with the context…
- Prothrombin Time to Quick % ConverterConverterA German report of "Quick 70%" and a British report of "INR 1.2" describe the same…
- Simplified PESI (sPESI) CalculatorScorePrognosis after a confirmed pulmonary embolism, not diagnosis of one. Six items, one point each —…
- Thrombin Time InterpreterInterpreterA prolonged thrombin time has two classic causes and one modern one: heparin in the sample,…
- VWF Activity to Antigen Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide von Willebrand factor activity by von Willebrand factor antigen. A ratio below 0.7 says the…
- Warfarin Dose Adjustment by INRInterpreterWhere an INR sits against its target range, and what the guidelines actually say to do…
- Weight-Based Heparin Nomogram CalculatorCalculatorAdjust an unfractionated heparin infusion from the aPTT ratio using the Raschke weight-based nomogram — and…
- Wells Score for DVT CalculatorScoreEstimate the clinical probability of deep vein thrombosis with the Wells score, using the two-level DVT-unlikely…
- Wells Score for PE CalculatorScoreEstimate the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism with the Wells score, using the two-level PE-unlikely /…
Diabetes, Glucose & Insulin Resistance 30
- Adult DKA and HHS Interpreter (2024 Consensus Criteria)InterpreterDecide whether an adult in a hyperglycaemic crisis has diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state, or both,…
- Adult Hypoglycaemia Interpreter: Insulin, C-Peptide and ProinsulinInterpreterWork out why an adult without diabetes had a low glucose. Enter the insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin…
- Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Unit ConverterConverterConvert beta-hydroxybutyrate between mg/dL, mmol/L and mg/L, with the DKA thresholds and why urine ketones can…
- C-Peptide to Insulin Molar Ratio CalculatorCalculatorMolar C-peptide divided by molar insulin, both in pmol/L. The pancreas secretes them in equal amounts,…
- C-Peptide Unit ConverterConverterConvert C-peptide between ng/mL, µg/L, nmol/L and pmol/L, and read it the way it has to…
- CSF to Serum Glucose Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the CSF:serum glucose ratio, a more reliable pointer to bacterial meningitis than the absolute CSF…
- Estimated Glucose Disposal Rate (eGDR) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes from waist circumference, hypertension and HbA1c — the surrogate…
- Fructosamine to HbA1c CalculatorCalculatorEstimate HbA1c from serum fructosamine using the one regression that can be named and sourced —…
- Gestational Diabetes OGTT InterpreterInterpreterClassify a pregnancy glucose tolerance test on the WHO 2013 / IADPSG one-step 75 g criteria,…
- Glucose Management Indicator (GMI) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate GMI from mean CGM glucose, the term that replaced "estimated A1C" for continuous glucose monitoring…
- Glucose Unit ConverterConverterConvert blood glucose between mg/dL, mmol/L and g/L, with the diagnostic thresholds in both units and…
- Glycated Albumin ConverterConverterConvert glycated albumin to an estimated HbA1c, and see when GA is more reliable than HbA1c…
- HbA1c NGSP to IFCC ConverterConverterConvert HbA1c between the NGSP/DCCT percentage and the IFCC mmol/mol unit, with the thresholds that matter…
- HbA1c Reliability Interpreter: Falsely High or Low HbA1c?InterpreterCheck whether an HbA1c can be trusted before acting on it. Enter the result and what…
- HbA1c to Estimated Average Glucose ConverterConverterConvert HbA1c to an estimated average glucose using the ADAG regression, and see how wide the…
- HOMA-B CalculatorCalculatorEstimate beta-cell function from fasting glucose and insulin, with the derivation of the 360 and 63…
- HOMA-IR CalculatorCalculatorCalculate HOMA-IR from fasting glucose and insulin, with the derivation of the 405 divisor and an…
- Insulin Sensitivity Factor (ISF) CalculatorCalculatorThe 1800 rule, the 1500 rule, and the two constants the published pump data actually support.…
- Insulin to Carbohydrate Ratio CalculatorCalculatorThe 500 rule, the 450 rule for regular insulin, and the two weight-based ratios that were…
- Insulin Unit ConverterConverterConvert insulin from µIU/mL to pmol/L using the correct factor of 6.00 — not the 6.945…
- Insulinogenic Index CalculatorCalculatorMeasure early-phase insulin secretion during an OGTT — one of the earliest detectable defects on the…
- Matsuda Index CalculatorCalculatorEstimate whole-body insulin sensitivity from a standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test, combining fasting and…
- METS-IR CalculatorCalculatorA clamp-validated, insulin-free index of insulin resistance built from glucose, triglycerides, BMI and HDL cholesterol.
- OGTT Result InterpreterInterpreterClassify a standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in a non-pregnant adult. WHO and the…
- QUICKI CalculatorCalculatorThe quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, from fasting insulin in µIU/mL and fasting glucose in mg/dL…
- Time in Range (TIR) CalculatorCalculatorTurn a CGM time-in-range percentage into hours and minutes a day and check it against the…
- Total Daily Insulin Dose CalculatorCalculatorA weight-based STARTING total daily dose for a prescriber initiating insulin, from the figures the ADA…
- Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) Index CalculatorCalculatorEstimate insulin resistance from two routine fasting values — triglycerides and glucose — with no insulin…
- TyG-BMI Index CalculatorCalculatorCombine the TyG index with body mass index for a closer surrogate of clamp-measured insulin resistance…
- Whole Blood to Plasma Glucose ConverterConverterConvert whole blood glucose to plasma-equivalent mg/dL, and check whether your meter has already applied this…
Haematology — Red Cell & Indices 24
- Absolute Reticulocyte Count CalculatorCalculatorConvert a reticulocyte percentage into an absolute count in ×10⁹/L — the number that tells you…
- Anaemia Severity Classifier (WHO 2024)InterpreterGrade a haemoglobin against the revised WHO 2024 cutoffs — in g/L and g/dL, with the…
- Anaemia Type Classifier (MCV-Based)InterpreterClassify an anaemia from the MCV and then narrow it with the RDW, the reticulocyte count…
- Corrected Reticulocyte Count CalculatorCalculatorCorrect the reticulocyte percentage for anaemia by scaling it to a reference haematocrit of 45%, so…
- England & Fraser Index CalculatorCalculatorThe original 1973 discriminant function for microcytic anaemia: a negative result favours thalassaemia trait, a positive…
- Green & King Index CalculatorCalculatorPrioritise a microcytic anaemia toward thalassaemia trait or iron deficiency using MCV, RDW and haemoglobin. A…
- Haematocrit from Haemoglobin CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the haematocrit as three times the haemoglobin — the rule of three — and see…
- Haematocrit Unit ConverterConverterConvert haematocrit between % and L/L — 45% is 0.45 L/L — and read it as…
- Haemoglobin Unit ConverterConverterConvert haemoglobin between g/dL, g/L and mmol/L — using the globin monomer mass, which is why…
- Haemolysis Screen Interpreter — LDH, Haptoglobin, Retics, DATInterpreterEnter the haemolysis screen — LDH, haptoglobin, reticulocytes, unconjugated bilirubin and the direct antiglobulin test —…
- Macrocytosis Interpreter — High MCV: B12, Folate, Drugs or MDS?InterpreterEnter the MCV with what is known — B12 and folate against the NICE 2024 and…
- MCH Calculator (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin)CalculatorCalculate mean corpuscular haemoglobin from haemoglobin and red cell count, and see why it usually tracks…
- MCHC Calculator (Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration)CalculatorCalculate MCHC from haemoglobin and haematocrit, and learn why a genuinely high result is rare enough…
- MCV Calculator (Mean Corpuscular Volume)CalculatorCalculate mean corpuscular volume from haematocrit and red cell count, and read the microcytic-normocytic-macrocytic split correctly.
- Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) InterpreterInterpreterRead the mean platelet volume together with the platelet count, because neither means much alone: a…
- Mentzer Index CalculatorCalculatorScreen a microcytic anaemia toward thalassaemia trait or iron deficiency using MCV and red cell count,…
- Platelet Count Unit ConverterConverterConvert a platelet count between ×10⁹/L, ×10³/µL, K/µL and cells per microlitre — and check EDTA-dependent…
- Plateletcrit (PCT) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the plateletcrit — the fraction of blood volume occupied by platelets — from the platelet…
- Polycythaemia Interpreter — High Haemoglobin or HaematocritInterpreterEnter a haemoglobin or haematocrit, the patient's sex and what is known — whether it has…
- RDW-CV to RDW-SD CalculatorCalculatorEstimate RDW-SD in femtolitres from the RDW-CV your analyser printed and the MCV — with the…
- Red Blood Cell Count Unit ConverterConverterConvert a red cell count between ×10¹²/L, ×10⁶/µL, cells/µL and cells/mm³ — the first two are…
- Red Cell Indices InterpreterInterpreterClassify an anaemia from the MCV, MCHC and RDW, and see the differential each pattern opens…
- Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the RPI by correcting the reticulocyte count for both anaemia and the longer circulating lifespan…
- Thrombocytosis Interpreter — High Platelet Count, Reactive or ET?InterpreterEnter a platelet count with the context — an obvious reactive cause, whether it has persisted,…
Haematology — White Cell & Inflammatory Ratios 24
- Absolute Basophil Count CalculatorCalculatorTurn a white cell count and a basophil percentage into the absolute basophil count — and…
- Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC) CalculatorCalculatorTurn a white cell count and an eosinophil percentage into the absolute eosinophil count, and read…
- Absolute Lymphocyte Count (ALC) CalculatorCalculatorTurn a white cell count and a lymphocyte percentage into the absolute lymphocyte count, and read…
- Absolute Monocyte Count (AMC) CalculatorCalculatorTurn a white cell count and a monocyte percentage into the absolute monocyte count — and…
- Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) CalculatorCalculatorConvert a white cell count and differential into the absolute neutrophil count, and read the neutropenia…
- Blast Percentage InterpreterInterpreterThere is no longer one answer to this. The WHO 5th edition and the International Consensus…
- CD4 Count and Percentage CalculatorCalculatorTurn a white cell count, a lymphocyte percentage and a CD4 percentage into an absolute CD4…
- Chemotherapy Dose Delay InterpreterInterpreterThere is no universal neutrophil or platelet threshold for giving chemotherapy, and a page that printed…
- Corrected White Cell Count for Nucleated Red CellsCalculatorAutomated analysers count nucleated red cells as white cells, so a marrow-stressed sample reports a falsely…
- Eosinophilia Severity InterpreterInterpreterClassify an absolute eosinophil count as mild, moderate or severe — and separate hypereosinophilia from hypereosinophilic…
- Febrile Neutropenia Risk: MASCC and CISNEInterpreterThe decision at the bedside is not whether this is febrile neutropenia — it is whether…
- Immature to Total Neutrophil Ratio (I:T) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the I:T ratio from a neonatal differential — and read it for what it does,…
- Leukocytosis Differential InterpreterInterpreterA raised white cell count is not a diagnosis. The height of the count narrows the…
- Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio (LMR) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the lymphocyte-monocyte ratio — and read the honest caveat with it. There is no reference…
- Lymphocytosis InterpreterInterpreterTwo numbers decide most of this and they are constantly confused with each other. One is…
- Monocyte to HDL Cholesterol Ratio (MHR) CalculatorCalculatorThe monocyte count divided by HDL cholesterol — and the only thing that matters about it.…
- Neutropenia Severity Grading InterpreterInterpreterGrade neutropenia by absolute neutrophil count. First, the thing that matters more than the grade: a…
- Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and read it as what it is — a broad stress marker,…
- Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value (PIV) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate PIV from all four cell lines — and know which units you are in before…
- Pancytopenia InterpreterInterpreterMarrow infiltration, megaloblastic anaemia, hypersplenism and aplasia can produce identical numbers. The counts tell you how…
- Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the platelet-lymphocyte ratio, another broad inflammatory marker with the same caveats as NLR.
- Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate SII from platelets, neutrophils and lymphocytes — and see why no single cut-off applies across…
- Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate SIRI — the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio with the monocyte brought in. Seven studies of the same…
- White Blood Cell Count ConverterConverterConvert a white cell count between ×10⁹/L, ×10³/µL, K/µL, cells/µL and cells/mm³ — and see why…
Immunology, Autoantibodies & Complement 28
- 2010 ACR/EULAR Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria CalculatorScoreScore the four 2010 ACR/EULAR domains out of 10, with the synovitis entry condition enforced rather…
- 2019 EULAR/ACR SLE Classification Criteria CalculatorInterpreterScore the 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria with the ANA entry requirement, the one-criterion-per-domain rule and the attribution…
- Age-Adjusted ESR Upper Limit CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the age- and sex-adjusted upper limit of normal for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate using Miller's…
- Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Unit ConverterConverterConvert alpha-1 antitrypsin between mg/dL, g/L, mg/L and µmol/L, with the protective threshold and why an…
- Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein Unit ConverterConverterConvert alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) between g/L and mg/dL — and use it for what it is…
- ANA Titre ConverterConverterConvert doubling dilutions past 1:40 into a reciprocal ANA titre, and see when a change actually…
- Anti-CCP Antibody Unit ConverterConverterU/mL and kU/L are the same number — convert between them, and then treat the number…
- Antistreptolysin O (ASO) Unit ConverterConverterIU/mL and U/mL are the same number and IU/L is a thousand times larger — so…
- Beta-2 Microglobulin Unit ConverterConverterConvert beta-2 microglobulin between mg/L, µg/mL and nmol/L, with the ISS myeloma thresholds and why renal…
- Coeliac Serology InterpreterInterpreterInterpret anti-tTG IgA, total IgA and EMA together, and see why a gluten-free diet before testing…
- Complement C3 Unit ConverterConverterConvert complement C3 between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L, and read it the way it should be…
- Complement C4 Unit ConverterConverterConvert complement C4 between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L — and read it the opposite way round…
- CRP Unit ConverterConverterConvert C-reactive protein between mg/L, mg/dL and µg/mL, and see why the tenfold difference between the…
- DAS28-CRP CalculatorCalculatorCalculate DAS28-CRP for rheumatoid arthritis disease activity, and see the joints and biases it does not…
- DAS28-ESR CalculatorCalculatorCalculate DAS28-ESR with its four component contributions shown separately, and see exactly how far it diverges…
- Eosinophil Cationic Protein Unit ConverterConverterConvert ECP between µg/L, ng/mL and pg/mL — the first two are the same number. The…
- Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Unit ConverterConverterConvert IgA between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L — and check it before you trust a coeliac…
- Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Unit ConverterConverterConvert IgG between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L, and see why a raised total cannot tell a…
- Immunoglobulin M (IgM) Unit ConverterConverterConvert IgM between g/L and mg/dL — and read it knowing the one thing IgM tells…
- ISS Myeloma Staging CalculatorInterpreterStage newly diagnosed multiple myeloma from beta-2 microglobulin and albumin, and see how R-ISS builds on…
- Kappa Free Light Chain Unit ConverterConvertermg/L, mg/dL and µg/mL for free kappa light chains — and the point the units conceal,…
- Lambda Free Light Chain Unit ConverterConvertermg/L, mg/dL and µg/mL for free lambda light chains — and the point the units conceal,…
- Paraprotein and MGUS Risk Interpreter — Mayo Risk, IMWG LimitsInterpreterEnter the paraprotein (M-protein) band, its type and the free light chain ratio, with marrow, urine…
- Rheumatoid Factor Unit ConverterConverterIU/mL and kIU/L are the same number — convert between them, then read the result honestly:…
- Serum Free Light Chain Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the kappa:lambda free light chain ratio, and see why the normal range shifts in renal…
- SLEDAI-2K CalculatorScoreScore all 24 SLEDAI-2K descriptors over the preceding 10 days, with organ-system subtotals that show where…
- Specific IgE Class InterpreterInterpreterTurn an allergen-specific IgE concentration in kUA/L into its RAST class — and read it as…
- Total IgE Unit ConverterConverterConvert total IgE between kU/L, IU/mL and ng/mL, and see why the number is a poor…
Infectious Disease & Sepsis Labs 22
- Anti-HBs Titre InterpreterInterpreterRead a quantitative anti-HBs result after hepatitis B vaccination: the 10 mIU/mL threshold, what a waned…
- APACHE II Score CalculatorScoreScore all twelve APACHE II physiological variables plus age and chronic health, with the oxygenation branch…
- CURB-65 Score CalculatorScoreScore community-acquired pneumonia severity from five bedside criteria, and see what the score deliberately leaves out.
- HBV DNA IU/mL to Copies/mL ConverterConverterConvert HBV DNA between IU/mL and copies/mL using an assay-specific factor, and see the log value…
- HCV RNA IU to Copies ConverterConverterConvert HCV RNA from IU/mL to copies/mL using the factor published for the assay that produced…
- Hepatitis B Serology InterpreterInterpreterTurn HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc results into a plain-English pattern — one of the most confusing…
- HIV Test Window Period InterpreterInterpreterWork out what a negative HIV test does and does not exclude, from the days since…
- Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Unit ConverterConverterpg/mL and ng/L are the same number for IL-6, and ng/mL is a thousandth of either.…
- Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein Unit ConverterConverterConvert LBP between µg/mL, mg/L and ng/mL — the first two are the same number. The…
- Malaria Parasitaemia CalculatorCalculatorCalculate percentage parasitaemia from a thin film count, and see why every level — not just…
- NEWS2 Score CalculatorScoreAggregate seven routine observations into the standard ward early-warning score, and the single-parameter rule that overrides…
- Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI/PORT) CalculatorScoreScore all twenty PSI variables, including the step-1 rule that decides risk class I, and see…
- Procalcitonin InterpreterInterpreterRead a procalcitonin result against the bacterial-infection thresholds used in antibiotic stewardship, and see where it…
- qSOFA Score CalculatorScoreFlag suspected infection at higher risk of death or prolonged critical care using three bedside observations…
- Sepsis-3 Criteria InterpreterInterpreterRead the 2016 Sepsis-3 definitions: infection plus a SOFA rise of 2 or more is sepsis,…
- Shock Index CalculatorCalculatorDivide heart rate by systolic blood pressure to catch compensated shock earlier than either number does…
- SIRS Criteria CalculatorInterpreterScreen for the systemic inflammatory response — four bedside-and-lab criteria that once defined sepsis and are…
- SOFA Score CalculatorScoreScore organ dysfunction across six systems — the score whose 2-point rise, with suspected infection, is…
- Syphilis Serology InterpreterInterpreterRead a treponemal and a non-treponemal result together — including the prozone trap, the discordant reverse-sequence…
- Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux) InterpreterInterpreterApply the correct induration threshold for the patient's risk group, from 5 mm in the highest-risk…
- Viral Load Log Change CalculatorCalculatorTurn two viral load results into a log₁₀ change, and see how much of that change…
- Viral Load Log ConverterConverterConvert an absolute viral load in copies/mL or IU/mL to its base-10 logarithm, and see what…
Iron Studies 24
- Elemental Iron in Oral Iron Salts ConverterConverterConvert the tablet strength printed on an oral iron pack into the elemental iron it actually…
- Erythropoietin (EPO) Unit ConverterConverterConvert erythropoietin between mIU/mL, IU/L and mIU/L, with the adult reference interval and what a high…
- Ferric Carboxymaltose Dose CalculatorCalculatorWork out the cumulative ferric carboxymaltose dose from body weight and haemoglobin using the simplified label…
- Ferritin Correction for Inflammation CalculatorInterpreterApply the right ferritin threshold for a patient with raised CRP, where the usual 30 µg/L…
- Ferritin Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum ferritin between ng/mL, µg/L, µg/dL, nmol/L and pmol/L, and see instantly whether the value…
- Functional vs Absolute Iron Deficiency InterpreterInterpreterDistinguish empty iron stores from iron that is present but locked away, using ferritin, transferrin saturation…
- Haptoglobin Unit ConverterConverterConvert haptoglobin between mg/dL, g/L and mg/L, with the adult reference interval and what a low…
- Hepcidin Unit ConverterConverterConvert hepcidin-25 between ng/mL, µg/L, nmol/L and pmol/L, with a note on why reference ranges are…
- High Ferritin Interpreter: Iron Overload or Something Else?InterpreterWork out what a raised ferritin means. Transferrin saturation is the fork: raised with a raised…
- Iron (Fe) Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum iron between µg/dL, µg/L, mg/L and µmol/L, with adult reference intervals for men and…
- Iron Deficiency Staging InterpreterInterpreterPlace a patient on the spectrum from depleted stores through iron-deficient erythropoiesis to frank iron deficiency…
- Iron Deficit (Ganzoni Formula) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the total iron deficit in milligrams from body weight and haemoglobin, the standard basis for…
- Iron Studies Panel InterpreterInterpreterEnter a full iron panel — ferritin, serum iron, TIBC and CRP — and get the…
- Iron Sucrose Dose and Schedule CalculatorCalculatorConvert a total iron requirement into the number of iron sucrose infusions needed, at the standard…
- Liver Iron Concentration (LIC) InterpreterInterpreterGrade hepatic iron loading from an MRI R2* or biopsy liver iron concentration, and see the…
- Soluble Transferrin Receptor (sTfR) Unit ConverterConverterConvert soluble transferrin receptor between mg/L, µg/mL and nmol/L, with the caveat that reference ranges are…
- sTfR-Ferritin Index CalculatorCalculatorSeparate iron deficiency from anaemia of inflammation using the ratio of soluble transferrin receptor to the…
- TIBC from Transferrin CalculatorCalculatorEstimate total iron binding capacity from a measured transferrin concentration when your laboratory reports one but…
- Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Unit ConverterConverterConvert TIBC between µg/dL, µg/L and µmol/L, and see where the value sits against the adult…
- Transferrin from TIBC CalculatorCalculatorEstimate transferrin concentration from a reported TIBC, for guidelines and drug labels written in terms of…
- Transferrin Saturation (TSAT) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate transferrin saturation from serum iron and TIBC, and read it against the thresholds for iron…
- Transferrin Unit ConverterConverterConvert transferrin between mg/dL, g/L, mg/L and µmol/L, with adult reference intervals.
- UIBC from TIBC and Iron CalculatorCalculatorDerive unsaturated iron binding capacity from TIBC and serum iron, or check that a reported set…
- Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC) Unit ConverterConverterConvert UIBC between µg/dL, µg/L and µmol/L, and see the value against the adult reference interval.
Lab Utilities, Dilutions & Unit Tools 21
- Beer-Lambert Concentration from Absorbance CalculatorCalculatorTurn an absorbance reading into a concentration using the molar extinction coefficient and the true optical…
- Buffer pH from pKa CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the pH of a buffer from its pKa and the ratio of conjugate base to…
- C1V1 = C2V2 Dilution CalculatorCalculatorWork out how much stock solution to take for a given final concentration and volume —…
- Centrifuge RCF to RPM CalculatorCalculatorConvert a required force in × g into the rotor speed to dial up on your…
- Centrifuge RPM to RCF CalculatorCalculatorConvert rotor speed in revolutions per minute to relative centrifugal field in × g, using your…
- Citrate Anticoagulant Volume Adjustment CalculatorCalculatorWork out how much citrate should remain in a coagulation tube when the haematocrit is above…
- Enzyme Activity Unit ConverterConverterConvert catalytic activity between U/L, IU/L, mU/mL, U/mL, µkat/L and nkat/L — and see why the…
- Haemocytometer Cell Count CalculatorCalculatorConvert a manual count from an Improved Neubauer chamber into cells per millilitre, allowing for the…
- Laboratory Temperature ConverterConverterConvert between Celsius, Fahrenheit and kelvin, with the storage and incubation temperatures a laboratory actually runs…
- mEq to mmol to mg ConverterConverterConvert milliequivalents to millimoles and to milligrams for any ion, using its atomic or molecular weight…
- Molarity CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the molar concentration of a solution from the mass weighed out, the formula weight on…
- Normality to Molarity ConverterConverterConvert an old reagent label in normality to molarity in mol/L — once you have decided…
- Parts Per Million (ppm) ConverterConverterConvert between ppm, ppb, mg/L, µg/mL, µg/L and per cent — and see where the familiar…
- Percent Solution CalculatorCalculatorWork out the percentage strength of a solution as % w/v, % v/v or % w/w…
- Pipette Calibration Gravimetric CalculatorCalculatorConvert a weighed mass of water into a delivered volume with the ISO 8655 Z factor,…
- Pressure Unit Converter for Lab and Clinical UseConverterConvert mmHg, kPa, cmH2O, atmospheres, bar and psi through the pascal, with the exact definitions and…
- Serial Dilution CalculatorCalculatorFind the concentration at the end of a serial dilution series, and see how quickly the…
- Solution Osmolarity CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the theoretical osmolarity of a solution you are making up, from the millimolar concentration of…
- Universal Mass to Molar Unit ConverterConverterConvert mg/dL, mg/L, µg/mL, g/L and g/dL to mmol/L for any analyte, by entering its molecular…
- Universal ng/mL to pmol/L ConverterConverterConvert ng/mL, µg/L, pg/mL, ng/dL and ng/L to pmol/L for any analyte from its molecular weight.…
- Universal µg/dL to nmol/L ConverterConverterConvert µg/dL, ng/mL, µg/L, µg/mL and mg/dL to nmol/L for any analyte by entering its molecular…
Laboratory Quality, Statistics & Interpretation 24
- Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement CalculatorCalculatorTurn a mean difference and the scatter around it into limits of agreement, with a confidence…
- Carryover Test InterpreterInterpreterRun high samples, then low ones, and see whether the first low result is pulled up…
- Coefficient of Variation CalculatorCalculatorTurn an SD and a mean into a CV%, and compare it with the target you…
- Cohen’s Kappa CalculatorCalculatorAgreement between two observers, corrected for the agreement chance alone would have produced. Enter a 2×2…
- Delta Check CalculatorCalculatorThe change between a patient's current result and their previous one, absolute and proportional, against the…
- Deming Regression CalculatorCalculatorThe regression for comparing two assays, where both axes carry measurement error. Ordinary least squares assumes…
- Diagnostic Odds Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCollapse a test's whole performance into one number for comparing tests and pooling studies — then…
- Haemolysis, Icterus & Lipaemia InterpreterInterpreterA haemolysis, icterus or lipaemia index is not a number you can look up a threshold…
- Likelihood Ratio CalculatorCalculatorTurn sensitivity and specificity into LR+ and LR−, then apply one to the probability you already…
- Limit of Blank, Detection and Quantitation CalculatorCalculatorCompute LoB and LoD the way CLSI EP17 defines them, from blank and low-level imprecision —…
- Linearity Verification InterpreterInterpreterYou ran a dilution series and one level sits off the straight line. CLSI EP06-Ed2 does…
- Measurement Uncertainty CalculatorCalculatorCombine within-laboratory imprecision and the uncertainty of the bias estimate into a combined standard uncertainty, then…
- Method Comparison Acceptance InterpreterInterpreterThis page does not fit a regression. It consumes one. Give it the slope and intercept…
- Precision Verification InterpreterInterpreterYour five-day precision study came out higher than the manufacturer's claim. That is not the same…
- Proficiency Testing Failure InterpreterInterpreterAn EQA sample has come back outside the acceptance limit. Before you touch the instrument, answer…
- Reference Change Value CalculatorCalculatorHow much must a result move before the change is real? The reference change value combines…
- Reference Interval Verification CalculatorInterpreterApply the CLSI EP28 verification procedure. Test twenty reference individuals against a published or manufacturer's interval,…
- Sensitivity & Specificity CalculatorCalculatorWork out sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy and prevalence from a 2×2 table — and see…
- Sigma Metric CalculatorCalculatorCombine allowable total error, bias and imprecision into a single figure for how much room a…
- Standard Deviation Index CalculatorCalculatorPlace an external quality assessment result against its peer group in standard deviations. The SDI measures…
- Total Analytical Error CalculatorCalculatorCombine bias and imprecision into one figure for the worst a result is likely to be…
- Westgard Rules InterpreterInterpreterEnter this run's control result as a standard deviation index and answer five questions about the…
- Wilson Confidence Interval CalculatorCalculatorThe confidence interval to use when a laboratory validates a qualitative method on a modest number…
- Youden Index CalculatorCalculatorOne number for how far a test's operating point sits above pure chance — and the…
Lipids & Cardiovascular Risk Labs 25
- ApoB/ApoA-1 Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide apolipoprotein B by apolipoprotein A-1 for the single most informative number the two tests produce…
- Apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) Unit ConverterConverterConvert apolipoprotein A-1 between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L. It is the HDL counterpart of apoB, and…
- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) Unit ConverterConverterConvert apolipoprotein B between g/L, mg/dL and mg/L — and read the answer against the right…
- Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) CalculatorCalculatorAIP is log₁₀ of triglycerides divided by HDL cholesterol, with both in mmol/L. Enter mg/dL instead…
- Cholesterol Unit ConverterConverterConvert total, LDL and HDL cholesterol between mg/dL, mg/L, g/L and mmol/L — and see why…
- Dutch Lipid Clinic Network FH Score CalculatorScoreScore the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria for familial hypercholesterolaemia: family history, personal history, examination, untreated…
- HDL Cholesterol Unit ConverterConverterConvert HDL cholesterol between mg/dL, mmol/L, mg/L and g/L using exactly the same factor as LDL…
- hs-CRP Unit ConverterConverterConvert high-sensitivity CRP between mg/L, mg/dL, µg/mL and ng/mL — and see the fact that makes…
- Hypertriglyceridaemia Severity InterpreterInterpreterGrade a triglyceride result as mild, moderate, severe or very severe on the Endocrine Society classification,…
- LDL Cholesterol Calculator (Friedewald)CalculatorEstimate LDL cholesterol from total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides using the Friedewald equation — and see…
- LDL Cholesterol Calculator (Sampson-NIH)CalculatorEstimate LDL cholesterol with the NIH equation 2 of Sampson and colleagues — derived against beta-quantification…
- LDL Cholesterol Unit ConverterConverterConvert LDL cholesterol between mg/dL, mmol/L, mg/L and g/L — and read the answer against a…
- LDL Percent Reduction Needed CalculatorCalculatorWork out the percentage LDL reduction between a current value and a target, and read it…
- LDL Target by Risk Category InterpreterInterpreterPick the cardiovascular risk category, enter the current and untreated LDL cholesterol, and see the ESC/EAS…
- LDL to HDL Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide LDL cholesterol by HDL cholesterol for a unit-independent ratio — widely quoted, useful for explanation,…
- Lipoprotein(a) Risk InterpreterInterpreterRead an Lp(a) result in the unit it was reported in — mg/dL or nmol/L —…
- Lipoprotein(a) Unit ConverterConverterConvert an Lp(a) in nmol/L to an approximate mg/dL — and see how far the answer…
- Non-Fasting Lipid Profile InterpreterInterpreterCheck a routine lipid profile against the 2016 EAS/EFLM joint consensus: whether a non-fasting sample is…
- Non-HDL Cholesterol CalculatorCalculatorSubtract HDL from total cholesterol to get the cholesterol carried in every atherogenic particle — a…
- Remnant Cholesterol CalculatorCalculatorSubtract HDL and LDL from total cholesterol to get the cholesterol carried in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and…
- Statin Muscle Symptoms CK InterpreterInterpreterMuscle aches on a statin? Enter the CK and your laboratory's own upper reference limit, say…
- Total Cholesterol to HDL Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide total cholesterol by HDL cholesterol to get the Framingham risk ratio, read against sex-specific reference…
- Triglyceride to HDL Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide triglycerides by HDL cholesterol in mg/dL as a surrogate for insulin resistance and small dense…
- Triglyceride Unit ConverterConverterConvert triglycerides between mg/dL, mmol/L, g/L and mg/L — and see why the molar value is…
- VLDL Cholesterol CalculatorCalculatorEstimate VLDL cholesterol as a fifth of the triglyceride concentration — the same assumption Friedewald rests…
Liver & Gastrointestinal 33
- ALBI Grade Calculator (Albumin-Bilirubin)CalculatorGrade liver function from albumin and bilirubin alone — an objective alternative to Child-Pugh with no…
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase Unit ConverterConverterThis is the enzyme, not the alcohol. If you are looking for a blood alcohol level,…
- Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Unit ConverterConverterConvert alkaline phosphatase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with adult ranges and the bone-versus-liver question.
- ALT (SGPT) Unit ConverterConverterConvert alanine aminotransferase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with the updated sex-specific upper limits.
- Ammonia (NH₃) Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma ammonia between µg/dL, µmol/L and µg/L, with the sampling rules that determine whether the…
- APRI Calculator (AST to Platelet Ratio Index)CalculatorEstimate liver fibrosis from AST and platelet count alone — the simplest of the non-invasive fibrosis…
- AST (SGOT) Unit ConverterConverterConvert aspartate aminotransferase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, and see why a raised AST is…
- AST/ALT Ratio (De Ritis Ratio) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the De Ritis ratio and read what its value suggests about the cause and stage…
- BARD Score CalculatorScoreA three-item score that rules out advanced fibrosis in fatty liver disease from BMI, the AST/ALT…
- Bilirubin (Total) Unit ConverterConverterConvert total bilirubin between mg/dL, µmol/L, mg/L and µg/dL, with adult reference ranges and jaundice thresholds.
- BISAP Score CalculatorScoreScore the Bedside Index for Severity in Acute Pancreatitis within the first 24 hours, with Wu's…
- Child-Pugh Score CalculatorScoreGrade the severity of chronic liver disease from bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites and encephalopathy, and read…
- Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin Unit ConverterConverterConvert direct bilirubin between mg/dL, µmol/L, mg/L and µg/dL, and see whether the fraction points to…
- Faecal Calprotectin InterpreterInterpreterRead a faecal calprotectin against the threshold that matches the question being asked, and against the…
- Fatty Liver Index (FLI) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the probability of hepatic steatosis from BMI, waist circumference, triglycerides and GGT — no imaging…
- FIB-4 Index CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the likelihood of advanced liver fibrosis from age, AST, ALT and platelet count — the…
- Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) Unit ConverterConverterConvert gamma-glutamyl transferase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with sex-specific ranges and what an isolated…
- Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score CalculatorScoreScore the GAHS from five variables, with Forrest's day-28 and day-84 survival beside the total and…
- Glasgow-Imrie Score CalculatorScoreScore the eight modified Glasgow (PANCREAS) criteria at 48 hours, with the original nine-factor total shown…
- Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert glutamate dehydrogenase between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L, with the sex-specific reference limits German laboratories…
- Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate hepatic steatosis from the ALT/AST ratio, BMI, sex and diabetes status — no waist measurement…
- Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin CalculatorCalculatorCalculate indirect bilirubin from total and direct, and see the conjugated fraction that determines the differential.
- King’s College Criteria CalculatorInterpreterApply O'Grady's transplant-referral criteria in acute liver failure, on the correct arm for the aetiology, with…
- Lille Model CalculatorCalculatorDecide at day 7 whether corticosteroids are working in severe alcohol-related hepatitis, using the change in…
- Lipase or Amylase: Is It Acute Pancreatitis? (Atlanta 3× ULN)InterpreterCheck a lipase or amylase result against the revised Atlanta classification of acute pancreatitis, which needs…
- Maddrey Discriminant Function CalculatorCalculatorIdentify severe alcohol-related hepatitis, where a discriminant function of 32 or more is the conventional threshold…
- MELD 3.0 Score CalculatorScoreCalculate the MELD 3.0 score used for liver transplant allocation, including the sex and albumin terms…
- MELD-Na Score CalculatorScoreCalculate the sodium-adjusted MELD score used for liver allocation from 2016 until MELD 3.0 replaced it.
- NAFLD Fibrosis Score CalculatorScoreEstimate advanced fibrosis in fatty liver disease from age, BMI, glycaemic status, AST/ALT ratio, platelets and…
- R-Factor Calculator (Liver Injury Pattern)CalculatorClassify liver injury as hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed from ALT and ALP relative to their upper…
- Raised Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): Liver or Bone? InterpreterInterpreterWork out where a raised alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is coming from when the rest of the…
- Raised Bilirubin, Normal Liver Tests: Gilbert’s or Haemolysis?InterpreterExplain an isolated raised bilirubin in an adult whose liver enzymes are normal. Enter the total…
- Ranson’s Criteria CalculatorInterpreterScore acute pancreatitis severity on the correct parameter set for the aetiology, with the admission and…
Molecular, Genetics & Specimen Calculations 24
- ACMG Variant Classification InterpreterInterpreterTurn counts of ACMG/AMP criteria into Pathogenic, Likely pathogenic, Uncertain significance, Likely benign or Benign. The…
- Cell-Free DNA Fetal Fraction CalculatorCalculatorThe placental share of the cell-free DNA in a maternal plasma sample — the quality metric…
- Copy Number from Log2 Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCopy number as 2 × 2^log2 ratio for an autosomal locus — and the purity correction…
- CYP2D6 Activity Score InterpreterInterpreterAdd the two allele activity values and read the sum against the current CPIC boundaries —…
- DNA Copy Number CalculatorCalculatorConvert a mass of double-stranded DNA into a number of molecules, using 660 g/mol per base…
- DNA Molarity (nM) CalculatorCalculatorConvert a double-stranded DNA concentration in ng/µL into nanomolar, using 660 g/mol per base pair —…
- Donor Chimerism Percentage CalculatorCalculatorPercentage donor from the peak areas of one informative STR marker after transplantation — and why…
- Hardy-Weinberg Carrier Frequency CalculatorCalculatorFrom the prevalence of an autosomal recessive condition to the proportion of the population who carry…
- Microsatellite Instability (MSI) InterpreterInterpreterRead an MSI-PCR result and a mismatch repair immunohistochemistry panel together — the five Bethesda loci,…
- Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy InterpreterInterpreterA heteroplasmy percentage means almost nothing without the variant it belongs to and the tissue it…
- NGS Coverage Depth CalculatorCalculatorMean coverage from reads, read length and target size by the Lander-Waterman relation — and why…
- NGS Run Quality InterpreterInterpreterWhether a sequencing run or a sample within it is fit to report, from Q30 against…
- NGS Variant Confirmation InterpreterInterpreterWhether a next-generation sequencing call needs orthogonal confirmation before it is reported, from its depth, allele…
- NIPT Positive Predictive Value CalculatorCalculatorA cell-free DNA screen came back high risk. This works out the probability that the fetus…
- Nucleic Acid Concentration from A260 CalculatorCalculatorTurn an A260 reading into a DNA or RNA concentration with the appropriate extinction factor, and…
- Oligonucleotide Resuspension CalculatorCalculatorHow much buffer a lyophilised oligo needs to reach a target stock concentration — and why…
- PCR Fold Amplification CalculatorCalculatorTheoretical yield as (1 + E) raised to the number of cycles — and what the…
- PCR Master Mix CalculatorCalculatorWork out how much of one component a batch of PCR reactions needs, with the overage…
- PCR Primer Melting Temperature (Tm) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate a primer's Tm by the Wallace rule or the GC/salt-adjusted formula from its base composition…
- qPCR Efficiency Calculator from Standard CurveCalculatorTurn the slope of a Ct-against-log-quantity standard curve into an amplification efficiency, and read it against…
- qPCR ΔΔCt Fold Change CalculatorCalculatorRelative expression by the Livak method: two ΔCt values, one ΔΔCt, and 2 raised to its…
- Residual Carrier Risk CalculatorCalculatorThe Bayesian posterior after a negative carrier screen, from the prior carrier frequency and the panel's…
- Tumour Mutational Burden (TMB) CalculatorCalculatorCountable mutations divided by the megabases of coding sequence the assay actually interrogated — and the…
- Variant Allele Frequency (VAF) CalculatorCalculatorVariant reads as a percentage of total reads at a position — and what a VAF…
Neonatal & Paediatric Laboratory 24
- Bilirubin to Albumin (B:A) Ratio CalculatorCalculatorThe bilirubin to albumin ratio in conventional units, against the AAP thresholds for exchange transfusion —…
- CKiD U25 eGFR CalculatorCalculatorThe CKiD U25 creatinine equation for children and young adults up to 25 years, with the…
- Cord Blood Gas InterpreterInterpreterPaired umbilical arterial and venous results read together: whether the pair is genuinely arterial and venous…
- Neonatal Bilirubin Rate of Rise CalculatorCalculatorHow fast a newborn's bilirubin is climbing, from two measurements and the hours between them —…
- Neonatal CSF Reference Interval InterpreterInterpreterNeonatal CSF white cell count, protein and CSF:blood glucose ratio read against age-banded reference intervals —…
- Neonatal Direct Antiglobulin Test InterpreterInterpreterThe newborn direct antiglobulin test read with the maternal and infant blood group and the antibody…
- Neonatal Early-Onset Sepsis Risk CalculatorInterpreterThe Kaiser Permanente early-onset sepsis calculator turns gestational age, the highest maternal intrapartum temperature, the duration…
- Neonatal Exchange Transfusion Threshold CalculatorCalculatorWhere a measured serum bilirubin sits relative to the NICE CG98 exchange transfusion line, for a…
- Neonatal Glucose Infusion Rate CalculatorCalculatorGlucose infusion rate in mg/kg/min from the dextrose concentration, the infusion rate and the baby's weight…
- Neonatal Hyperammonaemia InterpreterInterpreterA raised ammonia in a newborn is a metabolic emergency in which the time to treatment…
- Neonatal Hypoglycaemia Threshold InterpreterInterpreterNewborn blood glucose read against the BAPM operational thresholds, which are lower than adult thresholds and…
- Neonatal Partial Exchange Transfusion for Polycythaemia CalculatorCalculatorThe volume to exchange with normal saline in a symptomatic polycythaemic newborn, from weight, the observed…
- Neonatal Phototherapy Threshold CalculatorCalculatorWhere a measured serum bilirubin sits relative to the NICE CG98 phototherapy line, for a baby…
- Neonatal Thrombocytopenia InterpreterInterpreterA low platelet count in a newborn is read by when it appeared at least as…
- Neonatal Thyroid Screening TSH InterpreterInterpreterNewborn blood spot TSH read against the cut-offs of the programme that produced it — with…
- Newborn Weight Loss Percentage CalculatorCalculatorPercentage weight loss from birth weight, read against the action points that are actually published —…
- Paediatric Blood Pressure Percentile InterpreterInterpreterHypertension in a child is defined by percentile against age, sex and height, not by an…
- Paediatric Corrected Age CalculatorCalculatorCorrected age from chronological age and gestational age at birth — the age a preterm baby…
- Paediatric Creatinine Reference Interval InterpreterInterpreterSerum creatinine read against age- and sex-specific reference intervals from an enzymatic, IDMS-anchored dataset — because…
- Paediatric Dehydration Fluid Deficit CalculatorCalculatorFluid deficit in millilitres from percentage dehydration and weight, with the replacement schedules that are actually…
- Paediatric DKA Severity InterpreterInterpreterDiabetic ketoacidosis in a child is graded by venous pH and bicarbonate, and the grade is…
- Paediatric Iron Deficiency InterpreterInterpreterFerritin is the best single test for iron deficiency in a child and it is also…
- Paediatric Maintenance Fluid CalculatorCalculatorRoutine maintenance intravenous fluid volume in a child by the Holliday-Segar method, in the form NICE…
- Paediatric Maximum Blood Draw Volume CalculatorCalculatorHow much blood may safely be taken from a child, from weight and estimated blood volume,…
Pituitary, Gut & Metabolic Hormones 22
- ACTH Unit ConverterConverterConvert ACTH between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L. pg/mL and ng/L are the same number — the…
- Adiponectin Unit ConverterConverterConvert adiponectin between µg/mL, mg/L, µg/L and ng/mL. The arithmetic is exact; the interpretation is not,…
- Chromogranin A Unit ConverterConverterConvert chromogranin A between ng/mL, µg/L and ng/L — and read the interference that dominates the…
- Copeptin InterpreterInterpreterCopeptin is reported in one unit, so there is nothing to convert. The mistake worth guarding…
- Gastrin Unit ConverterConverterConvert fasting gastrin between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L. Before reading a raised result: proton pump inhibitors…
- Glucagon Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma glucagon between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L. A rarely measured hormone with essentially one indication…
- Growth Hormone Stimulation Test Interpreter (GH Deficiency)InterpreterRead a peak growth hormone from a glucagon, macimorelin, insulin tolerance, arginine or GHRH-plus-arginine test against…
- Growth Hormone Unit ConverterConverterConvert growth hormone between ng/mL, µg/L, mIU/L and µIU/mL using the WHO standard of 3.0 IU…
- Hyperprolactinaemia Interpreter (High Prolactin)InterpreterEnter a prolactin in mIU/L or µg/L with your laboratory's upper limit, and what is known…
- IGF-1 Interpreter (× ULN) — Acromegaly Screening and ControlInterpreterEnter an IGF-1 and your laboratory's upper limit for the patient's age and sex, and say…
- IGF-1 Unit ConverterConverterConvert IGF-1 (somatomedin C) between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L, and read it against an age- and…
- IGFBP-3 Unit ConverterConverterConvert IGFBP-3 between mg/L, µg/mL, ng/mL and nmol/L, against age-matched adult intervals — and note that…
- Insulin Tolerance Test InterpreterInterpreterNothing in an insulin tolerance test means anything until the glucose has actually fallen below 2.2…
- Leptin Unit ConverterConverterConvert leptin between ng/mL, µg/L, pmol/L and nmol/L — and read why a leptin without a…
- Macroprolactin PEG Recovery CalculatorCalculatorWork out the post-PEG prolactin recovery and read it against the < 40% / 40–60% /…
- OGTT Growth Hormone Suppression InterpreterInterpreterThe growth hormone nadir after 75 g of glucose is read against a cut-off that has…
- Pancreatic Polypeptide Unit ConverterConverterConvert pancreatic polypeptide between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, with the molar factor derived from the peptide's…
- Serotonin Unit ConverterConverterConvert blood serotonin between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L — and note first that whole-blood serotonin is…
- Urinary 5-HIAA Unit ConverterConverterConvert urinary 5-HIAA between mg/L, mg/dL, µmol/L and mmol/L — then turn the concentration into the…
- Vasopressin (ADH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert arginine vasopressin between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L — and read why AVP is so unstable…
- VIP Unit ConverterConverterConvert vasoactive intestinal peptide between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, with the fasting reference interval — and…
- Water Deprivation Test InterpreterInterpreterThe indirect water deprivation test measures the kidney's concentrating ability and infers the hormone from it.…
Renal Function & eGFR 27
- BUN to Creatinine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the BUN:creatinine ratio, a quick pointer toward pre-renal, renal or other causes of an abnormal…
- CKD GFR Stage Calculator (G1–G5)InterpreterPlace an eGFR into its KDIGO G1–G5 category, and see why a normal-range result is not,…
- CKD Risk Heat Map Interpreter (KDIGO G and A)InterpreterPlace an eGFR and a urine albumin-creatinine ratio on the KDIGO chronic kidney disease heat map:…
- CKD-EPI 2021 Creatinine eGFR CalculatorCalculatorEstimate GFR from creatinine, age and sex using the 2021 race-free CKD-EPI equation, the current standard…
- CKD-EPI 2021 Creatinine-Cystatin C eGFR CalculatorCalculatorThe most accurate routine estimate of GFR, combining creatinine and cystatin C in the 2021 race-free…
- CKD-EPI Cystatin C eGFR CalculatorCalculatorEstimate GFR from cystatin C alone, independent of muscle mass — useful when creatinine cannot be…
- Cockcroft-Gault Creatinine Clearance CalculatorCalculatorEstimate creatinine clearance in mL/min — the equation most drug labels specify for renal dose adjustment.
- Creatinine Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum creatinine between mg/dL and µmol/L, with adult reference ranges and what a change actually…
- Cystatin C Unit ConverterConverterConvert cystatin C between mg/L, µg/mL and nmol/L, with reference ranges and when to prefer it…
- eGFR BSA Adjustment CalculatorCalculatorConvert an indexed eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) to an absolute clearance in mL/min for drug dosing.
- Fractional Excretion of Magnesium (FEMg) CalculatorCalculatorIdentify renal magnesium wasting as the cause of hypomagnesaemia, correcting for the fraction of serum magnesium…
- Fractional Excretion of Phosphate (FEPO4) CalculatorCalculatorIdentify renal phosphate wasting as the cause of hypophosphataemia, where the expected response is near-complete tubular…
- Fractional Excretion of Potassium (FEK) CalculatorCalculatorIn hypokalaemia, separate extrarenal potassium loss from inappropriate renal potassium wasting.
- Fractional Excretion of Sodium (FENa) CalculatorCalculatorDistinguish a pre-renal pattern from intrinsic renal injury by comparing sodium clearance with creatinine clearance —…
- Fractional Excretion of Urea (FEUrea) CalculatorCalculatorDistinguish pre-renal from intrinsic renal injury when diuretics have already been given, using urea instead of…
- Fractional Excretion of Uric Acid (FEUA) CalculatorCalculatorHelp separate SIADH from volume depletion in hyponatraemia — a raised FEUA persists in SIADH even…
- KDIGO AKI Stage CalculatorInterpreterStage acute kidney injury from a creatinine pair and urine output using the KDIGO criteria, taking…
- KDIGO Albuminuria Category (A1–A3) CalculatorInterpreterClassify a urine albumin-creatinine ratio into the KDIGO A1–A3 categories and see how it sharpens cardiovascular…
- Kt/V Calculator (Dialysis Adequacy)CalculatorCalculate delivered Kt/V with the Daugirdas second-generation single-pool formula, the standard measure of haemodialysis adequacy.
- MDRD eGFR Calculator (4-Variable)CalculatorThe legacy MDRD Study equation, still quoted in older records, drug labels and trial criteria.
- Measured Creatinine Clearance (24-Hour Urine)CalculatorCalculate creatinine clearance from a timed 24-hour urine collection and a paired serum creatinine.
- Renal Failure Index CalculatorInterpreterCalculate the renal failure index from urine and plasma values to help distinguish a pre-renal from…
- Schwartz Bedside Paediatric eGFR CalculatorCalculatorEstimate GFR in children from height and creatinine using the bedside Schwartz equation.
- Urea and BUN Unit ConverterConverterConvert between BUN in mg/dL, urea in mg/dL and urea in mmol/L — three ways of…
- Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the urea reduction ratio, the simplest bedside measure of dialysis adequacy, from pre- and post-dialysis…
- Urine Output Calculator (mL/kg/hr)CalculatorCalculate urine output in mL/kg/hr and apply the KDIGO thresholds used to define acute kidney injury.
- Urine to Plasma Osmolality Ratio CalculatorInterpreterDivide urine osmolality by serum osmolality to gauge whether the kidney is concentrating urine appropriately, and…
Reproductive, Fertility & Pregnancy Labs 30
- AMH Age Percentile InterpreterInterpreterAMH falls throughout reproductive life, so a single reference interval is close to useless — 1.9…
- Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert AMH between ng/mL, µg/L and pmol/L — and read the result for what it is:…
- Calculated Free Testosterone (Vermeulen)CalculatorSolve the Vermeulen equation for free testosterone from total testosterone, SHBG and albumin — the calculation…
- Estradiol (E2) Unit ConverterConverterConvert oestradiol between pg/mL, pmol/L and ng/L, and see why a single value means nothing without…
- Estrone (E1) Unit ConverterConverterConvert oestrone between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L — and see the point the number exists to…
- Free Androgen Index (FAI) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the free androgen index from total testosterone and SHBG, a simple but crude surrogate used…
- Free Beta-hCG MoM CalculatorCalculatorWork out a free β-hCG multiple of the median from your result and your laboratory's median…
- Free Beta-hCG Unit ConverterConverterConvert the free β subunit of hCG between ng/mL, µg/L and pg/mL. Before anything else: this…
- Fructose Unit ConverterConverterConvert fructose between mg/dL, mmol/L, µmol/L and mg/L. The factor is glucose's, exactly, because fructose is…
- FSH Unit ConverterConvertermIU/mL, IU/L and mU/mL are the same number for FSH — this page confirms that and…
- hCG Doubling Time CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the doubling time from two hCG results and the hours between them, and see how…
- hCG Unit ConverterConvertermIU/mL, IU/L and mU/mL are the same number for hCG — the useful part of this…
- HELLP Syndrome Classification CalculatorInterpreterTwo published classifications that disagree: Mississippi grades three classes by platelet nadir, Tennessee calls it complete…
- LH to FSH Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the LH to FSH ratio and see why a value above 2 is a classic…
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Unit ConverterConverterIU/L, mIU/mL and mU/mL are the same number for LH, so the conversion is the easy…
- Modified Ferriman-Gallwey Score CalculatorScoreNine body areas, each 0 to 4, total 0 to 36. The current threshold is 4…
- PAPP-A MoM CalculatorCalculatorWork out a PAPP-A multiple of the median from your result and your laboratory's median for…
- PAPP-A Unit ConverterConvertermIU/L and IU/L differ by a thousand, which is the whole hazard on this page. The…
- PlGF Unit ConverterConverterConvert placental growth factor between pg/mL, ng/L, ng/mL and µg/L — the first two are the…
- Pre-Eclampsia Laboratory Criteria InterpreterInterpreterThe laboratory half of the diagnosis only — platelets, creatinine, transaminases and proteinuria — against ACOG…
- Progesterone Unit ConverterConverterConvert progesterone between ng/mL, nmol/L and µg/L, with the mid-luteal thresholds for ovulation and why pulsatile…
- Prolactin Unit ConverterConverterConvert prolactin between µg/L, ng/mL and mIU/L at 21.2 mIU/L per µg/L — then check for…
- Rotterdam PCOS Criteria CalculatorInterpreterTwo of three features diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome in an adult — but only after other…
- Semen Analysis Interpreter (WHO 2021)InterpreterClassify a semen analysis against the WHO 2021 sixth-edition lower reference limits — and see why…
- sFlt-1 Unit ConverterConverterConvert soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 between pg/mL, ng/L, ng/mL and µg/L — the first two are…
- sFlt-1/PlGF Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the angiogenic ratio used to rule out pre-eclampsia, on the platform your laboratory actually runs…
- SHBG Unit ConverterConverterSex hormone-binding globulin is reported in nmol/L essentially everywhere, and nmol/L is what every free testosterone…
- Testosterone Unit ConverterConverterConvert testosterone between ng/dL, ng/mL and nmol/L, with sex-specific ranges and why the time of sampling…
- Total Motile Sperm Count (TMSC) CalculatorCalculatorVolume × concentration × progressive motility ÷ 100 — one number instead of three, and a…
- Unconjugated Estriol (uE3) Unit ConverterConverterConvert unconjugated oestriol between ng/mL, µg/L, ng/dL and nmol/L — and then read the sentence that…
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 30
- Adjusted Body Weight CalculatorCalculatorAdjusted body weight is ideal body weight plus 40% of the excess — the dosing weight…
- Aminoglycoside Half-Life CalculatorCalculatorCalculate an aminoglycoside elimination half-life from a paired peak and trough, and check the dosing interval…
- Carbamazepine Unit ConverterConverterConvert carbamazepine between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L, with the autoinduction that makes an early level unreliable…
- Ciclosporin Unit ConverterConverterConvert whole-blood ciclosporin between ng/mL and nmol/L, with the C0 versus C2 sampling question and the…
- Clozapine Unit ConverterConverterConvert clozapine trough levels between ng/mL and nmol/L, with the response and seizure thresholds and why…
- Corrected Phenytoin Calculator (Sheiner-Tozer)CalculatorCorrect a total phenytoin level for hypoalbuminaemia using the Sheiner-Tozer equation, so a low albumin does…
- Corrected Phenytoin in Renal FailureCalculatorCorrect a total phenytoin level in patients with a creatinine clearance below 20 mL/min, where uraemia…
- Digitoxin Unit ConverterConverterConvert digitoxin between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L — and start from the fact the page exists…
- Digoxin Unit ConverterConverterConvert digoxin between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L, with the separate heart-failure and atrial fibrillation targets and…
- Dosing Weight Calculator: Actual, Ideal, Adjusted or Lean?InterpreterWhich body weight to dose on — actual, ideal, adjusted or lean — for aminoglycosides, vancomycin,…
- Drug Half-Life and Steady State CalculatorCalculatorCalculate a drug's elimination half-life from two timed levels, and the time to reach steady state…
- Gentamicin Unit ConverterConverterConvert gentamicin between mg/L, µg/mL and µmol/L, with the trough and peak targets separated by regimen…
- Hartford Nomogram Checker: Can This Gentamicin Level Be Used?InterpreterThe Hartford nomogram turns one gentamicin or tobramycin level, 6 to 14 hours after a 7…
- Ideal Body Weight Calculator (IBW)CalculatorIdeal body weight by the Devine formula, from sex and height in centimetres or inches. It…
- Lamotrigine Unit ConverterConverterConvert lamotrigine between µg/mL and µmol/L, with the valproate and enzyme-inducer interactions and the pregnancy-related clearance…
- Lean Body Weight Calculator (Janmahasatian)CalculatorLean body weight by the Janmahasatian 2005 equation, from sex, weight and height. Unlike ideal body…
- Levetiracetam Unit ConverterConverterConvert levetiracetam between µg/mL and µmol/L, and see why this renally cleared antiepileptic rarely needs routine…
- Lidocaine Unit ConverterConverterConvert lidocaine — lignocaine in British usage — between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L, with the antiarrhythmic…
- Lithium Unit ConverterConverterConvert lithium between mmol/L, mEq/L and mg/L — mmol/L and mEq/L are the same number because…
- Loading Dose CalculatorCalculatorCalculate a loading dose from volume of distribution, weight and target concentration — and see why…
- Maintenance Dose CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the maintenance dose per interval from clearance, target steady-state concentration and dosing interval — the…
- Methotrexate Unit ConverterConverterConvert high-dose methotrexate levels between µg/mL and µmol/L, with the time-based thresholds that decide when leucovorin…
- Phenobarbital Unit ConverterConverterConvert phenobarbital between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L — and read the result knowing that the half-life…
- Phenytoin Unit ConverterConverterConvert phenytoin between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L, with the 40–79 µmol/L guide range, the saturable kinetics…
- Tacrolimus Unit ConverterConverterConvert whole-blood tacrolimus trough levels between ng/mL and nmol/L, with target ranges by time since transplant…
- Theophylline Unit ConverterConverterConvert theophylline between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L, with a narrow window that overlaps toxicity and the…
- Tobramycin Unit ConverterConverterConvert tobramycin between mg/L, µg/mL and µmol/L, with trough and peak targets separated by regimen —…
- Valproate Unit ConverterConverterConvert valproate between µg/mL, mg/L and µmol/L, and see why saturable protein binding means the total…
- Vancomycin AUC24 CalculatorCalculatorEstimate AUC24 for vancomycin dosing from total daily dose and creatinine clearance, in line with the…
- Vancomycin Dose Adjustment CalculatorCalculatorAdjust a vancomycin dose proportionally from a measured level, using linear pharmacokinetics to reach a target…
Thyroid 24
- ACR TI-RADS Score CalculatorScoreScore a thyroid nodule on the five ACR TI-RADS ultrasound features, with echogenic foci added rather…
- Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibody Unit ConverterConverterConvert thyroglobulin antibody between IU/mL, kIU/L and IU/L — the first two are the same number…
- Anti-TPO Antibody Unit ConverterConverterIU/mL, kIU/L and U/mL are the same number for thyroid peroxidase antibodies — convert between them,…
- Burch-Wartofsky Score Calculator (Thyroid Storm)ScoreScore the degree of systemic decompensation in suspected thyroid storm — a clinical diagnosis that biochemistry…
- Free T3 to Reverse T3 Ratio CalculatorCalculatorDivide free T3 by reverse T3 in matched molar units — and see why the same…
- Free Thyroxine (FT4) Unit ConverterConverterConvert free T4 between ng/dL, pmol/L and ng/L, and see why the interval belongs to the…
- Free Thyroxine Index (FTI) CalculatorCalculatorCorrect total T4 for binding-protein changes using T3 uptake — the historical workaround for a direct…
- Free Triiodothyronine (FT3) Unit ConverterConverterConvert free T3 between pg/mL, pmol/L and ng/L, and see why the commonest low FT3 is…
- FT3 to FT4 Ratio CalculatorCalculatorEstimate peripheral T4-to-T3 conversion from free T3 and free T4 — a marker with no validated…
- Levothyroxine Dose Adjustment from TSH CalculatorCalculatorAdjust an established levothyroxine dose against the current TSH using the label's 12.5 and 25 µg…
- Levothyroxine Dose CalculatorCalculatorEstimate a starting levothyroxine dose from body weight and clinical situation, from cautious elderly starts to…
- Levothyroxine to Liothyronine Dose ConverterConverterInterpret an existing levothyroxine dose in liothyronine-equivalent terms, using the published but contested potency ratios.
- Myxoedema Coma Diagnostic Score CalculatorScoreScore the six domains of the Popoveniuc diagnostic system for myxoedema coma — thermoregulatory, neurological, gastrointestinal,…
- Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) InterpreterInterpreterRAIU is already a percentage, so there is nothing to convert. What there is to do…
- Thyroglobulin Doubling Time CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the thyroglobulin doubling time in differentiated thyroid cancer surveillance from two values and the interval…
- Thyroglobulin Unit ConverterConverterng/mL and µg/L are the same number — convert between them, and then read the result…
- Thyroid Function in Pregnancy Interpreter (TSH by Trimester)InterpreterRead a TSH in pregnancy against a trimester-specific interval — your laboratory's, or the fallback the…
- Thyroid Function Test Interpreter (TSH, FT4, FT3)InterpreterEnter where the TSH and free T4 fall against your laboratory's reference intervals — and free…
- Thyroid Nodule Volume CalculatorCalculatorCalculate nodule or lobe volume from three ultrasound measurements using the ellipsoid formula, since growth is…
- Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) Unit ConverterConverterConvert TBG between mg/L, µg/mL, mg/dL and µg/dL — mg/L and µg/mL are the same number…
- Total Thyroxine (Total T4) Unit ConverterConverterConvert total T4 between µg/dL, µg/L and nmol/L — and read the result knowing that a…
- Total Triiodothyronine (Total T3) Unit ConverterConverterConvert total T3 between ng/dL, pg/mL, ng/mL and nmol/L — with the factor-of-ten trap between ng/dL…
- TRAb (TSH Receptor Antibody) Unit ConverterConverterIU/L and U/L are the same number for TRAb, and mIU/L is a thousand times either.…
- TSH Unit ConverterConvertermIU/L, µIU/mL and mU/L are the same number for TSH. That is the answer; the rest…
Toxicology & Poisoning 26
- Acetoacetate Unit ConverterConverterConvert acetoacetate between mg/dL, mg/L and mmol/L — the ketone that nitroprusside sticks actually measure, and…
- Acetone Unit ConverterConverterConvert acetone between mg/dL, mg/L and mmol/L — the ketone that is not an acid, the…
- Blood Alcohol Concentration (Widmark) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate a blood alcohol concentration from drinks using the Widmark equation — and see the published…
- Blood Alcohol Unit ConverterConverterConvert blood ethanol between mg/dL, mg/L, g/L, g/dL and mmol/L, and see why a clinical serum…
- Carbon Monoxide Poisoning InterpreterInterpreterRead a carboxyhaemoglobin level against the clinical features, the exposure context and whether oxygen was given…
- Carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) InterpreterInterpreterBand a co-oximetry carboxyhaemoglobin percentage from a non-smoker's baseline to a life-threatening level, and see why…
- Digoxin Immune Fab Dose CalculatorCalculatorWork out the number of digoxin immune Fab vials from a serum concentration or from a…
- Digoxin Level InterpreterInterpreterBand a serum digoxin concentration from subtherapeutic through to the thresholds for digoxin-specific antibody fragments, and…
- Ethylene Glycol Unit ConverterConverterConvert ethylene glycol between mg/dL, mg/L and mmol/L — and read the result knowing that glycolic…
- Fomepizole Dose CalculatorCalculatorWork out a single fomepizole dose in milligrams from body weight and the step of the…
- Iron Toxicity Dose CalculatorCalculatorConvert a number of iron tablets into ingested elemental iron per kilogram against the 20 and…
- Isopropanol Unit ConverterConverterConvert isopropanol between mg/dL, mg/L and mmol/L — and note the exception that makes this alcohol…
- Lithium Level InterpreterInterpreterBand a 12-hour post-dose serum lithium from subtherapeutic to severe toxicity, and see why the number…
- Methaemoglobin InterpreterInterpreterBand a co-oximetry methaemoglobin percentage against the thresholds for cyanosis, symptoms and methylene blue, and see…
- Methanol Unit ConverterConverterConvert methanol between mg/dL, mg/L and mmol/L — and read the result knowing that methanol itself…
- Methylene Blue Dose CalculatorCalculatorCalculate a 1 or 2 mg/kg intravenous methylene blue dose for methaemoglobinaemia, with the volume of…
- N-Acetylcysteine Dose CalculatorCalculatorWork out the total intravenous acetylcysteine dose for the standard three-bag 21-hour regimen, with each bag's…
- Osmolal Gap CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the osmolal gap from measured osmolality, sodium, glucose, urea nitrogen and ethanol, and see why…
- Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Unit ConverterConverterParacetamol and acetaminophen are the same drug, and this converts a plasma concentration between mg/L, µg/mL,…
- Paracetamol Toxic Dose CalculatorCalculatorConvert a reported paracetamol ingestion into mg/kg against the 200 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg risk-assessment threshold,…
- Rumack-Matthew Nomogram CalculatorCalculatorPlot a paracetamol concentration against the 150 mg/L or the United Kingdom's 100 mg/L treatment line…
- Salicylate Toxicity Severity InterpreterInterpreterRead a salicylate concentration against the arterial pH, the mental state and the kidney function the…
- Salicylate Unit ConverterConverterConvert a salicylate concentration between mg/L, µmol/L, mg/dL and mmol/L — and read the number the…
- Serotonin Syndrome Hunter Criteria CalculatorInterpreterApply the Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria as the branching decision rule Dunkley published — five independent…
- Toxic Alcohol Level from Osmolal GapCalculatorEstimate a methanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol, acetone or propylene glycol concentration from the osmolal gap while…
- Toxidrome IdentifierInterpreterMap pupils, skin, bowel sounds, temperature, mental state, heart rate and the neuromuscular findings onto the…
Tumour Markers & Oncology Labs 22
- Acid Phosphatase Unit ConverterConverterConvert acid phosphatase activity between U/L, IU/L, µkat/L and nkat/L. Total and prostatic acid phosphatase are…
- Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Unit ConverterConverterConvert alpha-fetoprotein between ng/mL, µg/L, pmol/L and WHO IU/mL, with the adult reference limit, the 400…
- Body Surface Area (BSA) CalculatorCalculatorCalculate BSA by the Mosteller or Du Bois formula, the basis of most chemotherapy dosing and…
- CA 125 Unit ConverterConverterU/mL and kU/L are the same number, so the work on this page is the interpretation:…
- CA 15-3 Unit ConverterConverterU/mL and kU/L are the same number for CA 15-3. The conventional cut-off is about 30…
- CA 19-9 Unit ConverterConverterU/mL and kU/L are the same number for CA 19-9 — and around one person in…
- CA 72-4 Unit ConverterConverterU/mL and kU/L are the same number for CA 72-4. The interpretation is the work: a…
- Calcitonin Unit ConverterConverterConvert calcitonin between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L — and read it as what it is: the…
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Unit ConverterConverterConvert CEA between ng/mL, µg/L and pmol/L against separate smoker and non-smoker reference limits, and see…
- CYFRA 21-1 Unit ConverterConverterng/mL and µg/L are the same number for CYFRA 21-1. A soluble fragment of cytokeratin 19,…
- Free PSA Unit ConverterConverterConvert free PSA between ng/mL, µg/L and pmol/L — but a free PSA on its own…
- Free to Total PSA Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the percentage of free PSA, validated in the 4–10 ng/mL diagnostic grey zone to help…
- HE4 (Human Epididymis Protein 4) Unit ConverterConverterHE4 is reported in pmol/L by every assay, so the only conversion on this page is…
- Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) Unit ConverterConverterng/mL and µg/L are the same number for NSE. The point that matters more than the…
- ProGRP Unit ConverterConverterpg/mL and ng/L are the same number for ProGRP. The small-cell lung cancer marker that haemolysis…
- PSA (Total) Unit ConverterConverterConvert total PSA between ng/mL, µg/L and pmol/L, with age-specific limits and an honest account of…
- PSA Density CalculatorCalculatorCorrect total PSA for prostate size to separate benign enlargement from a result that warrants biopsy.
- PSA Doubling Time CalculatorCalculatorEstimate the exponential doubling time between two PSA values, a strong predictor of metastasis after biochemical…
- PSA Velocity CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the absolute annual rise in PSA — informative at higher PSA values, though no longer…
- ROMA Index Calculator (Ovarian Malignancy Risk)CalculatorCombine HE4, CA 125 and menopausal status into a single risk estimate that guides referral for…
- S100B Unit ConverterConverterµg/L and ng/mL are the same number for S100B — a melanoma marker that is also…
- SCC Antigen Unit ConverterConverterng/mL and µg/L are the same number for squamous cell carcinoma antigen. The trap is contamination:…
Urine Chemistry & Urinalysis 24
- 24-Hour Urine Collection Adequacy CalculatorCalculatorCheck a 24-hour urine collection against expected creatinine excretion for sex and body weight, before a…
- Alpha-1-Microglobulin Unit ConverterConverterConvert alpha-1-microglobulin between mg/L, µg/mL, µg/L and mg/dL. A1M is a proximal tubular marker, not a…
- Estimated 24-Hour Urine Protein CalculatorCalculatorConvert a spot urine protein-creatinine ratio into an estimated daily protein excretion, and know when the…
- Fractional Excretion of Bicarbonate CalculatorCalculatorSeparate proximal from distal renal tubular acidosis by measuring how much filtered bicarbonate is lost —…
- Hypokalaemia (Low Potassium) Cause InterpreterInterpreterFind the cause of a low potassium. Enter the urine potassium — a spot potassium-to-creatinine ratio,…
- Kidney Stone 24-Hour Urine Risk InterpreterInterpreterRead a 24-hour urine stone-risk panel against the European Association of Urology's current limits: urine volume,…
- Metabolic Alkalosis Urine Chloride InterpreterInterpreterSort a metabolic alkalosis into chloride-responsive — vomiting, gastric drainage, diuretics that have worn off —…
- Microscopic Haematuria Risk Interpreter (AUA/SUFU)InterpreterDecide how far to investigate blood in the urine seen on microscopy. Enter age, sex, the…
- Prerenal vs Intrinsic AKI InterpreterInterpreterIs an acute kidney injury prerenal or acute tubular necrosis? Enter the FENa — or the…
- Transtubular Potassium Gradient (TTKG) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate distal nephron potassium handling from paired urine and serum values — and understand why nephrologists…
- Urine Albumin Unit ConverterConverterConvert urine albumin between mg/L, mg/dL and µg/mL — the first step before an albumin-to-creatinine ratio,…
- Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) CalculatorCalculatorGrade albuminuria from a spot urine sample using the KDIGO A1–A3 categories, without needing a 24-hour…
- Urine Anion Gap CalculatorCalculatorUse urine electrolytes as a proxy for ammonium excretion, distinguishing gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss from renal tubular…
- Urine Calcium-Creatinine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the spot urine calcium-creatinine ratio in mmol/mmol with the mg/mg equivalent stated at every threshold,…
- Urine Creatinine Unit ConverterConverterConvert urine creatinine between mg/dL, mmol/L, g/L and µmol/L — the denominator that makes a spot…
- Urine Osmolal Gap CalculatorCalculatorEstimate urinary ammonium excretion from the difference between measured and calculated urine osmolality — the more…
- Urine Potassium-Creatinine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorWork out the spot urine potassium-creatinine ratio in mmol/mmol and mmol/g, and read it against the…
- Urine Protein Selectivity Index CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the IgG-to-transferrin clearance ratio that classifies proteinuria as selective or non-selective — a 1960s test,…
- Urine Protein-Creatinine Ratio (UPCR) CalculatorCalculatorEstimate daily protein excretion from a spot urine sample, useful when non-albumin proteinuria is suspected.
- Urine Sodium to Potassium Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the urine sodium to potassium ratio, used as a rough marker of mineralocorticoid effect and,…
- Urine Sodium-Creatinine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorTurn a spot urine sodium into a dilution-independent index of sodium output, with the daily sodium…
- Urine Specific Gravity to Osmolality ConverterConverterEstimate urine osmolality from specific gravity using the last-two-digits rule, and know when the two measurements…
- Urine Uric Acid-Creatinine Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the random urine uric acid-creatinine ratio in mg/mg with the mmol/mmol equivalent at every threshold,…
- Urine-to-Plasma Electrolyte Ratio CalculatorCalculatorAdd urine sodium and potassium, divide by plasma sodium, and get the Furst ratio — the…
Vitamins, Trace Elements & Nutrition Labs 27
- Biotin (Vitamin B7) Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum biotin between ng/mL, µg/L, nmol/L and pmol/L — and understand the reason the test…
- Blood Cadmium Unit ConverterConverterConvert whole blood cadmium between µg/L, nmol/L and µg/dL, against separate reference values for smokers and…
- Blood Lead Unit ConverterConverterConvert blood lead between µg/dL, µg/L, µmol/L and nmol/L, and read the result against the CDC…
- Blood Mercury Unit ConverterConverterConvert whole blood mercury between µg/L, nmol/L and µg/dL, and read the result against the general-population…
- Copper Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum copper between µg/dL, µmol/L, µg/L and mg/L. Then read it for what it is:…
- Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) CalculatorScoreCalculate the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index from serum albumin, weight and height, with the original risk…
- Niacin (Vitamin B3) Unit ConverterConverterConvert niacin between mg/L, µg/L, ng/mL and µmol/L using nicotinic acid's molecular weight — with a…
- Nitrogen Balance CalculatorCalculatorCalculate 24-hour nitrogen balance from protein intake and urine urea nitrogen, and see what makes the…
- Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) Unit ConverterConverterConvert pantothenic acid between mg/L, µg/L, ng/mL and µmol/L — and read the result knowing that…
- Prealbumin (Transthyretin) Unit ConverterConverterConvert prealbumin between mg/dL, mg/L and µmol/L — and know two things about it: despite the…
- Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) CalculatorScoreCalculate Onodera's Prognostic Nutritional Index from serum albumin and total lymphocyte count, with the original surgical…
- Red Cell Folate Unit ConverterConverterConvert red cell folate between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L, and see why the result reflects the…
- Retinol (Vitamin A) Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum retinol between µg/dL, µmol/L, µg/L and nmol/L, with the WHO deficiency thresholds. Serum retinol…
- Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma riboflavin between µg/L, ng/mL and nmol/L — and read the result knowing that a…
- Serum Folate Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum folate between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L. Two things this page will not do: pretend…
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Unit ConverterConverterConvert whole-blood thiamine between µg/L, ng/mL and nmol/L using the molecular weight of thiamine diphosphate —…
- Urine Urea Nitrogen Unit ConverterConverterConvert urine urea nitrogen between mg/dL, mmol/L and g/L, and keep urea nitrogen and urea itself…
- Vitamin A IU to mcg RAE ConverterConverterConvert vitamin A from international units to micrograms of retinol activity equivalent, using the correct factor…
- Vitamin B12 Deficiency Interpreter: Low, Borderline or Normal B12InterpreterDecide whether a serum B12 result means deficiency. Enter the B12 and your laboratory's lower limit,…
- Vitamin B12 Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum vitamin B12 between pg/mL, ng/L and pmol/L, and see why a normal result does…
- Vitamin B6 (PLP) Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate between µg/L, ng/mL and nmol/L — the active B6 vitamer, lowered by…
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma ascorbate between mg/dL, mg/L and µmol/L — 1.0 mg/dL is 56.8 µmol/L — and…
- Vitamin D (25-OH) Unit ConverterConverterConvert total 25-hydroxyvitamin D between ng/mL, nmol/L and µg/L, with the deficiency tiers and an honest…
- Vitamin E IU to mg ConverterConverterConvert vitamin E from international units to milligrams of alpha-tocopherol, using the correct factor for the…
- Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) Unit ConverterConverterConvert serum vitamin K1 between ng/mL, µg/L and nmol/L — and read the result alongside a…
- Zinc to Copper Ratio CalculatorCalculatorCalculate the serum zinc to copper ratio, and see why it is an orientation aid rather…
- Zinc Unit ConverterConverterConvert plasma or serum zinc between µg/dL, µmol/L, µg/L and mg/L. The harder question is what…
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